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Discapacidad, tecnología e igualdad

Authors: Toboso-Martín, Mario;

Discapacidad, tecnología e igualdad

Abstract

[ES] Partimos de la idea de que los entornos (en general, espacios, artefactos, tecnologías, etc.), influyen en las posibilidades de funcionamiento de las personas, de una manera capacitante o discapacitante. Teniendo en cuenta las prácticas de diseño, consideramos dos planteamientos básicos: el planteamiento ‘procústeo’ y el ‘ergonómico’. El carácter inherentemente discapacitante del planteamiento procústeo nos lleva a estudiar las situaciones de desigualdad que se manifiestan como ‘brechas’ o ‘barreras’ tecnológicas. Consideraremos, en primer lugar, barreras tecnológicas en dos aspectos: el acceso y el uso. Las barreras de acceso definen la brecha entre los usuarios y los no usuarios. Dentro del ‘enfoque de capacidades y funcionamientos’ de Amartya Sen la posibilidad de acceso a la tecnología es la ‘capacidad’, relacionada con el logro de los ‘funcionamientos’ valiosos asociados al uso de la tecnología. Las barreras de uso producen la diferencia entre los usuarios habituales y esporádicos. En el enfoque de Sen, el uso de la tecnología se refiere al logro de los funcionamientos valiosos asociados con ella. Los requerimientos de igualdad de acceso y uso ofrecen respuestas a la cuestión básica planteada por Sen: “¿Igualdad de qué?” Es decir, ¿qué marco evaluativo se considera relevante, en materia de ética y justicia social, para plantear los requisitos de la igualdad? Un tercer requerimiento de igualdad, la igualdad de oportunidades, surge como la combinación de los dos requerimientos anteriores. En el enfoque de Sen, la igualdad de oportunidades se relaciona con el denominado ‘conjunto capacidad’ de las personas y grupos sociales implicados. La igualdad de oportunidades es la vía de entrada de cuestiones sociales y políticas, menos evidente en los dos requerimientos previos.

[EN] As starting point, we consider the idea that environments (in general, let’s say spaces, artefacts, technologies, etc.), influence on the functioning possibilities of persons, in a disabling or enabling way. Considering design practices, we expose two basic approaches: 'Procrustean' approach and 'Ergonomic’ approach. The inherent disabling character of procrustean approach serve us to study situations of technological inequality manifested as technological ‘divides', or ‘barriers’. Firstly, we consider technological barriers in two different aspects: access and use. Access barriers define the divide between users / non users. Within Amartya Sen’s ‘capability and functioning approach’ the possibility of access to technology is the ‘capability’ linked to the achievement of valuable ‘functionings’ associated with the use of technology. Use barriers make the difference, or divide, between regular and sporadic users. In Sen’s approach, the use of technology refers to the achieving of valuable functionings associated with it, by concerned people or social groups. Equal access and use requirements give answers to the basic question raised by Sen, 'Equality of what?’ That is, what framework of assessment is considered relevant, in matters of ethics and social justice, to propose equality requirements? A third equality requirement, equality of opportunity, emerges as the combination of the two above requirements. In Sen's approach, equality of opportunity refers to the so-called ‘capability set’ of concerned people or social groups. Equality of opportunity is the gateway of social and political issues, less obvious in the previous two requirements.

Este trabajo se ha desarrollado dentro del proyecto de investigación “Innovación oculta: cambio de paradigma en los estudios de innovación” (FFI2011-25475), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España.

Peer reviewed

9 páginas

Keywords

Discapacidad - Tecnología - Apropiación tecnológica - Igualdad - Funcionamiento - Amartya Sen, Disability - Technology - Technological appropriation - Equality - Functioning - Amartya Sen

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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