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DIGITAL.CSIC
Doctoral thesis . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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Nuevos materiales de carbono para el almacenamiento y la producción de energía

Authors: Sevilla Solís, Marta;

Nuevos materiales de carbono para el almacenamiento y la producción de energía

Abstract

[ES] En la presente memoria se plantea la preparacion y caracterizacion de materiales de carbono con diferentes caracteristicas estructurales mediante el empleo de las tecnicas de nanomoldeo y grafitizacion catalitica. Asi mismo, se estudia el comportamiento de los materiales preparados como electrodos de condensadores electroquimicos o como soportes de electrocatalizadores. En la primera parte del trabajo se estudio la preparacion de materiales de carbono mesoporoso mediante la tecnica de nanomoldeo. Para ello, se empleo como nanomolde una silice mesoestructurada de tipo HMS. Las caracteristicas estructurales de los materiales de silice y, por consiguiente, de los materiales de carbono, han sido controladas mediante la modificacion de la temperatura de sintesis de la silice y mediante la realizacion de un tratamiento hidrotermal adicional. Los materiales de carbono asi preparados se caracterizan por poseer una elevada porosidad textural (~ 50 % del volumen total de poros corresponde a la porosidad textural) y un tamano de poro controlable (~ 2 – 11 nm). A continuacion, se estudio el comportamiento de estos materiales como electrodos en condensadores electroquimicos, mostrando la influencia que tienen, tanto su superficie total como su contenido en grupos oxigenados, sobre dicho comportamiento. En una segunda parte del trabajo se sintetizaron materiales grafiticos de carbono mesoporoso mediante la combinacion de las tecnicas de nanomoldeo y grafitizacion catalitica. Como nanomolde se empleo un xerogel de silice mesoporosa y como fuente de carbono diferentes precursores polimericos no grafitizables (alcohol polifurfurilico, resina fenolica y sacarosa). En este caso, el control de las caracteristicas estructurales de los materiales de carbono se realizo mediante la modificacion del precursor de carbono, el catalizador y la cantidad de catalizador empleada, la temperatura de precarbonizacion y la temperatura final de carbonizacion. Estos materiales de carbono se caracterizan por poseer una porosidad accesible, elevada superficie especifica (hasta ~ 1000 m2•g-1), alto volumen de poros (0.3 – 1.40 cm3•g-1), y ademas una alta proporcion de estructuras grafiticas. La ultima parte del trabajo se centro en la preparacion de nanoestructuras de carbono grafitico (capsulas, cintas, espirales y estructuras tipo bambu) mediante la tecnica de la grafitizacion catalitica. Como precursores de carbono se emplearon diferentes sacaridos (con y sin tratamiento hidrotermal), serrin y gluconatos de hierro (II) y Co (II). La modificacion del precursor de carbono y del catalizador empleados, asi como de la temperatura final de carbonizacion, permitio sintetizar materiales con diferente grado de ordenamiento estructural (d002 = 0.336 - 0.344 nm, Lc = 5.8 – 16 nm y La = 9 – 42 nm). Posteriormente, estos materiales de carbono fueron empleados como soportes de electrocatalizadores de Pt, evaluando la eficacia de los catalizadores preparados en la electrooxidacion de metanol.

[EN] This work deals with the preparation and characterization of carbon materials that display a variety of structural characteristics by means of the templating technique and catalytic graphitization. Their behaviour as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors or as electrocatalytic supports is also studied. In the first part of the work mesoporous carbon materials were prepared by means of the templating technique. For this purpose, HMS mesostructured silica was used as template. The structural characteristics of the silica materials and, consequently, of the carbon materials were controlled by modifying the synthesis temperature of the silica and by carrying out hydrothermal post-treatment. Carbon materials prepared in this way are characterized by a high textural porosity (~ 50 % of total pore volume corresponds to the textural porosity) and a tunable pore size (~ 2 – 11 nm). Their behaviour as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors was studied. The results showed the influence of both the total surface area and oxygen content on their performance in an electrochemical capacitor. In the second part of the work graphitic mesoporous carbon materials were prepared by combining the templating and the catalytic graphitization techniques. A mesoporous silica xerogel was used as template and different non-graphitizing polymeric precursors were employed as carbon source (polyfurfuryl alcohol, phenolic resin and sucrose). In this case, the structural characteristics of the carbon materials were controlled by modifying the carbon precursor, the catalyst, the amount of catalyst used, the precarbonization temperature and the final carbonization temperature. The carbon materials obtained are characterized by an accessible porosity, a high surface area (up to ~ 1000 m2•g-1), a high pore volume (0.3 – 1.40 cm3•g-1), and a high proportion of graphitic structures. The final part of the work was focused on the preparation of graphitic carbon nanostructures (capsules, ribbons, coils and bamboo-like structures) by means of the catalytic graphitization technique. Different saccharides (with and without hydrothermal treatment), sawdust, iron (II) gluconate and cobalt (II) gluconate were used as carbon precursors. It was found that modifying the carbon precursor, catalyst, and carbonization temperature, materials of a different structural order (d002 = 0.336 - 0.344 nm, Lc = 5.8 – 16 nm y La = 9 – 42 nm) can be synthesized. Subsequently, these carbon materials were used as Pt electrocatalyst supports, and their efficiency as catalysts in the methanol electrooxidation was assessed.

Tesis doctoral presentada en el Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente de la Universidad de Oviedo. 2008. Tutor de la tesis: Ignacio Medina Castaño

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Grafitizacion catalitica, Catalytic graphitization, Supercondensadores, Carbon materials, Templating technique, Supercapacitors, Pt electrocatalyst supports, Materiales de carbono, Electrocatalizadores de Pt, Nanomoldeo

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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