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Madreenroof: cultivando en azoteas. Cómo convertir biorresiduos en compost y biochar para realizar sustratos sostenibles para agricultura urbana

Authors: Panettieri, Marco; García-Gil, Juan C.; Gómez Ruano, Cristina; García Montero, Rocío; Ocaña de Nova, Nazaret;

Madreenroof: cultivando en azoteas. Cómo convertir biorresiduos en compost y biochar para realizar sustratos sostenibles para agricultura urbana

Abstract

[ES] El 55% de la población mundial vive en ciudades y se estima que para el 2050 alcanzará el 66% (FAO, 2018). En Europa más del 72% de su población vive ya en núcleos urbanos (EUROSTAT, 2016). A escala global, las áreas urbanas son responsables del 60% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, principalmente debido a la logística del sector agroalimentarios. Una ciudad de 10 millones de personas necesita alrededor de 6000 toneladas diarias de alimentos, producidos a 1600 km de distancia de media (De Zeeuw, 2011). El sector agroalimentario es responsable de la extracción de nutrientes desde los suelos a los cultivos, junto a la generación de residuos orgánicos en zonas urbanas. Es por ello que es necesario promover modelos alternativos y sostenibles, como la agricultura urbana y los cultivos en azotea, así como una gestión de los residuos orgánicos enfocada basada en la economía circular (FAO, 2018). Los cultivos hortícolas urbanos tienen rendimientos parecidos a la horticultura convencional, abasteciendo en torno al 1-5% de las necesidades de la población que vive en las ciudades (Clinton, 2018). No obstante, la agricultura urbana tiene potencial para abastecer la totalidad de la demanda de hortalizas, si se destinase el 40% de la superficie urbana a la agricultura (Martellozzo, 2014). En Madrid, alrededor de un cuarto del área urbana está ocupada por cubiertas planas en los edificios o con una pendiente mínima (Alonso, 2020). Por todo ello, la “Zero Acreage Farming”, propone cultivar en los espacios ya ocupados por edificios, como patios, cubiertas o espacios interiores (Thomaier, 2015). Además, la economía circular puede acoplar el ciclo de gestión de residuos orgánicos (compostaje, pirolisis energética) e inertes de la construcción para generar sustratos de cultivo (Grard, 2018). Es fundamental producir sustratos alternativos a la turba, para su instalación en las azoteas, que tengan una baja densidad aparente, una alta capacidad de retención de agua, un elevado potencial fertilizante y una buena resistencia al agotamiento físico y químico. El proyecto MadreenRoof ha llevado a cabo durante 3 años un experimento de cultivo en la azotea del Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, en el campus del CSIC de Serrano, utilizando sustratos obtenidos a partir de residuos orgánicos agroalimentarios (posos y cascarilla de café) y de algas invasoras, compostados junto a restos de poda y biochar (un subproducto sólido de la pirolisis de biomasas). Los resultados mostraron que: - el rendimiento de la variedad autóctona de tomate cultivada en azotea fue hasta un 50% mayor y los indicadores de calidad del cultivo fueron similares a los obtenidos en el cultivo convencional en campo; - los rendimientos de los sustratos a base de compost fueron 2 veces más altos que los comerciales a base de turba. También se ha demostrado que los cultivos de hoja no acumulan metales pesados por efecto de la contaminación atmosférica y que los sustratos no han necesitado aporte adicional de fertilización durante 3 años y 5 ciclos (otoño/verano) de cultivo, mostrando una considerable resistencia al agotamiento físico y químico.

[EN] Around 55% of the global population lives in cities, and it is estimated that by 2050 this will increase to 66% (FAO, 2018). In Europe, more than 72% of its population lives already in urban areas (EUROSTAT, 2016). Globally, urban areas are responsible for 60% of greenhouse gas emissions, mainly due to the logistic for food distribution. A 10 million people city needs about 6,000 tons of food per day, produced at an average distance of 1,600 km (De Zeeuw, 2011). The agri-food sector and its logistic extracts nutrients from soils to improve crop yields, lately they tend to accumulate large amounts of organic waste in urban areas. This is why it is necessary to promote alternative and sustainable models, fostering urban agriculture and rooftop farming, as well as promoting organic waste management based on circular economy principles (FAO, 2018). Urban horticultural crops yields are similar to conventional horticulture, and it actually provides around 1-5% of the food needs of urban populations (Clinton, 2018). However, urban agriculture has the potential to meet the total demand for vegetables if 40% of urban land were dedicated to farming (Martellozzo, 2014). In Madrid, about a quarter of the urban area is occupied by quasi-flat or flat-roofed buildings (Alonso, 2020). For this reason, "Zero Acreage Farming" proposes growing food in spaces already occupied by buildings, such as courtyards, rooftops, or patios (Thomaier, 2015). Furthermore, the circular economy can link the management cycle of organic waste (composting, pyrolysis) and inert construction materials to generate growing substrates (Grard, 2018). It is essential to produce alternative materials to replace peat-based growing substrates for rooftop installations, with low apparent density, high water retention capacity, high fertilizing potential, and good resistance to physical and chemical degradation. The MadreenRoof project has carried out a three-year rooftop farming experiment at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences on the CSIC campus in Serrano, using substrates made from agri-food waste (spent coffee grounds and coffee silverskin) and invasive seaweed, composted with pruning waste and biochar (a solid byproduct of biomass pyrolysis). The results showed that: • The yield of the native tomato variety grown on the rooftop was up to 50% higher, and the quality indicators were similar to those of conventionally grown tomatoes in conventional field conditions. • The yields of compost-based substrates were 2 times higher than commercial peatbased substrates. It was also shown that leafy crops do not accumulate heavy metals due to air pollution, and the substrates did not require additional fertilization over 3 years and 5 crop cycles (fall/summer), showing considerable resistance to physical and chemical exhaustion.

El Congreso de Sostenibilidad y Economía Circular Aplicada (CSECA) es un evento que reúne a los más destacados investigadores y empresas innovadoras en el campo de la economía circular. Está organizado por el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y la Fundación Fórum Ambiental. Este congreso es un entono único para compartir y aprender sobre las últimas investigaciones, tecnologías y estrategias en economía circular y nace con el objetivo es fomentar la colaboración entre la academia y la industria para impulsar la sostenibilidad y la economía circular en todos los sectores.

RooFarming: Rooftop farming and biowaste valorization for horticultural production. AEI - Consolidación Investigadora CNS2022-135684 2023-2025 MadreenRoof Evaluation of agronomical performances and ecosystemservices provided by cocomposted biochar substrates used for productive green roofs in centralMadrid (2019-T1/AMB14503 ). Ayudas a la atracción de talento investigador - Comunidad de Madrid. Modalidad 1 2019- 2023.

Comunicación de congreso presentada en el Congreso de Sostenibilidad y Economía Circular Aplicada celebrado en Madrid del 11 al 12 de diciembre de 2024.

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Algas, Turba, Gardening prune, Restos de poda, Peat, Coffee byproducts, Horticultura,, Greenroofs, Horticulture, Techos verdes,, Subproductos de café

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average