
handle: 10261/386068
El estudio de la apariencia de los objetos ha ganado importancia a lo largo de las ´ultimas d´ecadas, ya que muchas ´areas de la industria requieren de medidas objetivas de los atributos visuales que forman la apariencia de un producto. La apariencia se define como la sensaci´on visual a trav´es de la cual un objeto se percibe con atributos tales como el tama˜no, la forma, el color, la textura, el brillo o la translucidez. Es decir, no se trata de una propiedad f´ısica de los objetos, sino de la respuesta del sistema visual humano a una combinaci´on de est´ımulos f´ısicos ocasionados por la interacci´on de la luz con los objetos. Aunque la respuesta cognitiva de cada persona frente a un mismo est´ımulo puede variar, es posible encontrar una descripci´on representativa para el conjunto de seres hu- manos, como se hizo con la definici´on del espacio de color de la Comisi´on Internacional de Iluminaci´on (CIE) en 1931. De hecho, el color junto con el brillo, la textura y la translucidez componen el conjunto de atributos visuales fundamentales que caracterizan la apariencia de un objeto, cuando el tama˜no o la forma no son relevantes. En el caso del color, hay diferentes modelos que relacionan la propiedad f´ısica (la reflectancia espectral en este caso) con la sensaci´on visual. El caso del brillo tambi´en se ha estudiado ampli- amente, aunque todav´ıa no existe un modelo bien establecido que relacione las medidas f´ısicas con la sensaci´on visual. Para la textura el estudio se complica, ya que se pueden definir diferentes tipos de textura y cada uno debe caracterizarse de forma independiente. Sin embargo, se est´an empezando a definir algunos modelos para dos tipos de textura conocidos como “sparkle” y “graininess”. Por ´ultimo, el caso de la translucidez es prob- ablemente el menos estudiado, ya que la propiedad f´ısica ligada a este atributo visual requiere de medidas complejas que involucran un n´umero elevado de grados de libertad. La BSSRDF (Bidirectional Scattering-Surface Reflectance Distribution Function), es una funci´on de distribuci´on de reflectancia ´ıntimamente ligada con el atributo visual de la translucidez, ya que describe las propiedades de reflectancia de cualquier material en el que la luz penetra y es esparcida a lo largo de su volumen. En la literatura se pueden encontrar diferentes sistemas de medida de esta funci´on, desarrollados mayoritariamente en el ´ambito de la computaci´on gr´afica, ya que a partir de medidas de la BSSRDF es posible reproducir la apariencia transl´ucida de los materiales y obtener algunas de sus propiedades ´opticas como el coeficiente de “scattering”, el coeficiente de absorci´on o la funci´on de fase. Sin embargo, ninguno de estos sistemas proporciona medidas trazables al Sistema Internacional de Unidades (SI). El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar una escala para la BSSRDF en t´erminos de patrones para que pueda ser transferida a otros laboratorios que desarrollen sistemas de medida de la BSSRDF. Para ello, se ha desar- rollado un sistema experimental basado en un goniospectrofot´ometro que permite medir la distribuci´on angular y espacial de la luz reflejada por una muestra cuya superficie ha sido irradiada en direcciones y posiciones determinadas. Este sistema ha sido opti- mizado para proporcionar un haz de irradiaci´on muy estrecho que genere una irradiancia lo suficientemente alta en la superficie de la muestra. De acuerdo con el montaje ex- perimental y la definici´on de la magnitud, se ha propuesto un m´etodo de medida de la BSSRDF. Todas las fuentes de incertidumbre asociadas al m´etodo de medida han sido identificadas y caracterizadas a trav´es de la caracterizaci´on radiom´etrica y geom´etrica del sistema de medida. Adem´as, se ha implementado un m´etodo de Monte Carlo para estudiar las posibles correlaciones entre las distintas variables de entrada de la ecuaci´on de medida. Con todo, se ha medido la BSSRDF de una serie de muestras transl´ucidas, fabricadas espec´ıficamente para este estudio, a una serie de condiciones de medida. A partir de estos resultados, se han propuesto tres muestras como patrones para transferir la escala de la BSSRDF, la cual ha sido validada a trav´es de una comparaci´on con las medidas realizadas en el Conservatoire National des Arts et M´etiers (CNAM) de estas tres muestras. La escala validada ha sido comparada con las medidas en dos laboratorios con sistemas de medida de la BSSRDF basados en sistemas comerciales, pudiendo identi- ficar algunas diferencias sistem´aticas. Finalmente, se ha estudiado la dependencia con el ´area irradiada de la relaci´on entre la radiancia y la irradiancia recibida en una superficie en materiales transl´ucidos, la cual hab´ıa sido previamente advertida en los resultados de la comparaci´on de las medidas de BSSRDF. Para ello, se ha realizado una estancia en el Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) de Alemania. Los resultados de esta tesis constituyen la primera escala de BSSRDF validada, que es transferible a otros sistemas de medida, la cual favorecer´a el desarrollo de este tipo de sistemas de medida en diferentes laboratorios.
The study of the appearance of objects has gained importance over the last decades, as many areas of industry require objective measurements of the visual attributes that describe the appearance of a product. The appearance is defined as the visual sensation through which an object is perceived to have attributes such as size, shape, color, texture, gloss and translucency. Thus, it is not a physical property of objects, but the response of the human visual sense to a combination of physical stimuli caused by the interaction of light with objects. The cognitive response of each person to the same stimulus may vary. However, it is possible to find a representative description for all human beings, as was done with the definition of the color space by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931. In fact, color together with brightness, texture and translucency form the set of fundamental visual attributes that characterize the appearance of an object, when size or shape are not relevant. In the case of color, there are different models that relate the physical property (spectral reflectance in this case) to visual sensation. The case of gloss has also been extensively studied, although a model that relates physical measurements to visual sensation has not been well-established yet. For texture the study is complex, since different types of texture can be defined and each must be characterized independently. However, some models are beginning to be defined for two types of texture known as “sparkle” and “graininess”. Finally, the case of translucency is probably the least studied, since the physical property linked to this visual attribute requires complex measurements involving a large number of degrees of freedom. The Bidirectional Scattering-Surface Reflectance Distribution Function (BSSRDF) is a reflectance distribution function closely related to the visual attribute of translucency, since it describes the reflectance properties of any material in which light penetrates and is scattered throughout its volume. Different systems for measuring this function can be found in the literature, most of them developed in the field of computer graphics, since BSSRDF measurements are useful to reproduce the translucent appearance of ma- terials and to obtain some of their optical properties such as the scattering coefficient, the absorption coefficient or the phase function. However, none of these systems provide traceable measurements to the International System of Units (SI). The objective of this thesis is to develop a BSSRDF scale in terms of standards so that it can be transferred to other laboratories developing BSSRDF measuring systems. For this purpose, a primary facility based on a goniospectrophotometer has been developed to measure the angular and spatial distribution of the light reflected by a sample whose surface has been irra- diated in specific directions and positions. This system has been optimized to provide a very narrow irradiation beam to generate a sufficiently high irradiance on the sam- ple surface. According to the experimental setup and the definition of the quantity, a BSSRDF measurement model has been proposed. All the uncertainty sources associated with the measurement model have been identified and characterized through the radio- metric and geometric characterization of the measuring facility. Besides, a Monte Carlo method has been implemented to study the possible correlations between the different input variables of the measurement equation. The BSSRDF of a series of translucent samples, custom manufactured for this study, has been measured at several measurement geometries. From these results, three samples have been proposed as standards to transfer the BSSRDF scale, which has been validated through a comparison with the measure- ments performed at the Conservatoire National des Arts et M´etiers (CNAM) on these three samples. The validated scale has been compared with measurements performed in two laboratories with BSSRDF measuring systems based on commercial systems, being able to identify some systematic differences. Finally, the dependence of the ratio between the radiance and the irradiance on the irradiated area in translucent materials, which had been previously noticed in the results of the comparison of BSSRDF measurements, has been studied during a stay at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany. The results of this thesis constitute the first validated BSSRDF scale that is trans- ferable to other measurement systems, which will benefit the development of this type of measuring systems at different laboratories.
This thesis has been developed in the frame of the project 18SIB03 BxDiff, that has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. I would also like to acknowledge Project PGC2018-096470-B-I00 BISCAT (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE) and Comunidad de Madrid, Grant Number S2018/NMT-4326-SINFOTON2-C for provid- ing funding
180 pages, 79 figures, 17 tables
Peer reviewed
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