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Síntesis de materiales biomiméticos mediante cristalización controlada por membrana orgánica y reemplazamiento mineral

Authors: Torres Mansilla, Adriana;

Síntesis de materiales biomiméticos mediante cristalización controlada por membrana orgánica y reemplazamiento mineral

Abstract

La cáscara de huevo de gallina posee un gran potencial para el desarrollo de materiales biomiméticos con aplicaciones en regeneración de huesos y dientes. Esta biocerámica es el resultado de un proceso de cristalización controlada, mediada por una matriz orgánica. La estructura de la cáscara de huevo comprende una capa orgánica, la membrana (MCH), y una capa mineral, la cáscara propiamente dicha (CH). La MCH constituye una plantilla para la nucleación y crecimiento de los cristales de la cáscara, la cual se organiza en columnas de carbonato cálcico (CaCO3, calcita) y una matriz orgánica. Las propiedades intrínsecas de la MCH y la CH permiten su uso para el desarrollo de biomateriales a base de fosfatos de calcio (CaPs). La capacidad inherente de la MCH para nuclear CaCO3 facilita su exploración en la nucleación de CaPs, y las características químicas y mineralógicas de la CH permiten explorar su transformación directamente en estas fases. Los CaPs (principalmente apatito nanocristalino) son los principales constituyentes inorgánicos de los huesos y los dientes, estructuras biominerales del cuerpo humano. Estos tejidos destacan por su constitución orgánico-inorgánica jerarquizada, en gradiente y organizada en patrones, que resulta de procesos altamente controlados por actividad celular. Una amplia gama de patologías y situaciones clínicas afectan estos tejidos, lo que conlleva a que la síntesis de biomateriales terapéuticos sea una necesidad constante. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se explora el potencial tanto de la MCH como de la CH como materia prima para la preparación de materiales biomiméticos de base CaPs, dada la importancia clínica de estos compuestos. Además, constituye una propuesta para reutilizar la CH y la MCH, consideradas actualmente como residuos de gran escala de la industria del huevo. Este trabajo se estructura como se describe a continuación: el Capítulo 1 introduce conceptos fundamentales, desde la estructura de la cáscara de huevo hasta el desarrollo de materiales biomiméticos de base CaP. Seguidamente, se expone la justificación y los objetivos de esta investigación, destacando su contribución a la síntesis de biomateriales terapéuticos novedosos para huesos y dientes, así como su impacto en la salud humana y la sostenibilidad. Los capítulos siguientes reportan el trabajo bibliográfico e investigador. Así, el Capítulo 2 consiste en una revisión bibliográfica, con énfasis en las propiedades fisicoquímicas, biológicas, físicas y mecánicas de la MCH. El Capítulo 3 detalla el proceso experimental de desarrollo de MCH recubierta de apatito como material biomimético, resaltando la metodología de cristalización controlada por difusión de vapor empleada y los estudios in vitro de biocompatibilidad y osteoinductividad de la biocerámica apatito/MCH. El Capítulo 4 aborda la transformación de los cristales de CaCO3 de la cáscara en nano-microcristales de apatito carbonatado, elucidando el papel de la matriz orgánica superficial en las propiedades morfológicas de las partículas de apatito resultantes y explorando las propiedades biológicas de biocompatilidad y osteoinductividad, tanto de la calcita biogénica como del apatito. La tesis resuelve presentando las conclusiones y perspectivas a futuro de la presente investigación así como, en anexos, la documentación de la solicitud de patente española e internacional (PCT) de la invención constituida por apatito/MCH y sus potenciales aplicaciones médicas.

[EN] The chicken eggshell holds a significant potential for developing biomimetic materials intended for bones and teeth regeneration. This bioceramic originates from a controlled crystallization and matrix-mediated process. The eggshell structure comprises an organic layer, the eggshell membrane (ESM), and a mineral layer, the proper shell (ES). The ESM constitutes the template for the nucleation and growth of crystals of the shell, which organizes into columns of calcite intermixed with a pervading organic matrix. The intrinsic properties of the ESM and the ES could be exploited to develop biomaterials that contain calcium phosphates (CaPs). The inherent nucleating ability of the ESM for calcium carbonate could be exploited to induce the nucleation of CaPs, and the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the shell could allow its transformation into these phases. CaPs (mainly nanocrystalline apatite) are the main inorganic constituents of bone and teeth, the mineralized tissues in the human body. These tissues stand out for their hierarchical, graded, and motif-organized organic-inorganic constitution product of highly controlled, cell-mediated processes. An extended range of pathologies and clinical situations affect bone and teeth; therefore, there is a strong need for synthesizing therapeutic biomaterials. viii In the present Ph.D. Thesis, the potential of the ESM and the ES as raw materials for the preparation of biomimetic CaPs-based materials is explored, due to the clinical significance of these compounds. In addition, the present work also constitutes a proposal to reuse the ES and the ESM, which are currently considered large-scale waste of the egg industry. The present work is structured as follows: chapter 1 introduce the fundamental concepts, from the ES structure to the development of CaPs biomimetic materials. Following, the justification and objectives of this research are outlined, highlighting its contribution to develop novel therapeutic biomaterials for bone and teeth and its impact on human health and sustainability. The next chapters report the bibliographic analysis and the performed research work. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive literature review, delving into the physicochemical, biological, physical, and mechanical properties of the ESM. Chapter 3 details the experimental process of developing apatite-coated outer layer ESM biomaterials, paying attention on the vapor diffusion methodology employed as well as to the in vitro biological tests of biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of the apatite/ESM bioceramics. Chapter 4 deals with the transformation of CaCO3 from the shell to carbonate-apatite particles, elucidating the role of surface organic matrix on the morphological properties of the apatite particles and then exploring its biological properties of biocompatibility and osteoinductivity. This dissertation resolves presenting the conclusions and future perspectives of the developed research work and, in annexes, the documentation for the Spanish and international patent (PCT) application of the apatite/ESM invention and its medical applications.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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