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Environment International
Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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Environment International
Article . 2024
Data sources: DOAJ
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DIGITAL.CSIC
Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
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Comprehensive risk assessment of the inhalation of plasticizers from the use of face masks

Authors: S. Callejas-Martos; J. Fernández-Arribas; E. Eljarrat;

Comprehensive risk assessment of the inhalation of plasticizers from the use of face masks

Abstract

Disposable masks, formed mainly from polymers, often incorporate various chemical additives to enhance their performance. These additives, which include plasticizers, may be released during mask usage, presenting a novel source of human exposure to these compounds. In this study, the presence of 16 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 11 phthalates, and four alternative plasticizers, in four various types of face masks, were studied, as well as their release during simulated mask use (artificial laboratory conditions). Total plasticizer concentrations exhibited minimal variation across different mask types, with mean values of 7.27 µg/face mask for surgical, 8.61 µg/face mask for reusable, 11.0 µg/face mask for KN-95, and 13.9 µg/face mask for FFP2 masks. To explore plasticizer release behavior, inhalation experiments were conducted under different conditions. The findings revealed a significant temperature-dependent enhancement in plasticizer release from masks, subsequently increasing human inhalation exposure. The inhalation experiments showed variation in the release percentages, ranging from 0.1 to 95 %, depending on the specific compound and mask type. Notably, OPEs exhibited a mean release percentage of 1.0 %, similar to phthalates, which showed a 1.2 % release. Although alternative plasticizers were less frequently released, they still presented a notable percentage of release of 4.1 %. Daily intake estimations via inhalation ranged from 0.01 to 9.04 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for these additives. Using these estimations, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with this exposure to these compounds were evaluated. All calculated values for the specific compounds studied in this paper remained below the established threshold limits. However, they do represent an additional exposure pathway that, when considered alongside other more predominant routes such as indoor/outdoor inhalation, dermal absorption, and dietary intake, makes the total exposure worthy of consideration.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, Organophosphate esters, Phthalic Acids, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9, Risk Assessment, Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, Phthalates, Plasticizers, Humans, GE1-350, Face masks, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, Risk assessment, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, Inhalation Exposure, Alternative plasticizers, Masks, Inhalation exposure, Environmental sciences, Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/13, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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