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DIGITAL.CSIC
Doctoral thesis . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
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Docta Complutense
Doctoral thesis . 2022
Data sources: Docta Complutense
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Mecanismos reguladores del tráfico en la interfaz retículo endoplasmático/Golgi

Authors: Bravo Plaza, Ignacio;

Mecanismos reguladores del tráfico en la interfaz retículo endoplasmático/Golgi

Abstract

[ES] La ruta secretora permite el transporte de proteínas y lípidos desde el retículo endoplasmático (RE) a la membrana plasmática (MP) y al exterior celular (exocitosis), o bien a los orgánulos del sistema endosomal-vacuolar. Esta ruta comienza con la exportación en vesículas, con destino al aparato de Golgi, de las proteínas sintetizadas por los ribosomas asociados al RE, una vez éstas han sido plegadas correctamente y han incorporado las modificaciones post-traduccionales adecuadas [1, 2]. En su tránsito a través de las cisternas del aparato de Golgi estas proteínas o cargo sufren posteriores modificaciones en sus patrones de N- y O-glicosilación [3, 4]. Finalmente, el cargo llega al Golgi tardío o Trans-Golgi Network (TGN), donde es seleccionado y concentrado para ser posteriormente exportado en vesículas cuyo destino final es la fusión con la MP o con el sistema endosomal-vacuolar [5]. El tránsito de cargo por las rutas de tráfico intracelular se encuentra regulado a nivel molecular por mecanismos que permiten, por un lado, asegurar que llegue al destino correcto y por otro, mantener la identidad de los diferentes compartimentos que constituyen el sistema de endomembranas [6, 7]. En este sentido las GTPasas o proteínas G monoméricas de las familias Rab y Arf desempeñan un papel fundamental como interruptores moleculares, reclutando proteínas periféricas de membrana de forma específica allá donde sea necesaria su función [8-10]. El ciclo de carga/hidrólisis de una GTPasa se encuentra gobernado por una serie de proteínas reguladoras, siendo las principales los factores de intercambio de nucleótido de guanina (GEF) y las proteínas estimuladoras de la actividad GTPasa (GAP), responsables de la activación o carga con GTP y de la hidrólisis del mismo, respectivamente [11, 12]. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de determinados aspectos de la regulación del tráfico entre el RE y el Golgi temprano. Este proceso se inicia con la activación de la GTPasa Sar1 por su GEF específica, Sec12 [13, 14]. La forma activa de Sar1 se ancla a la membrana del RE y dirige el reclutamiento de las subunidades que componen el complejo de cubierta COPII (Coat Protein Complex-II), comenzando por la capa interna, constituida por las subunidades Sec23-Sec24 [15]. Éstas tienen, entre otras funciones, la de servir de adaptadores para los receptores de cargo soluble y proteínas transmembrana con destino a la exportación [16]. La capa externa de la cubierta COPII (Sec13-Sec31) contribuye a la deformación de la membrana del RE para gemación de las vesículas de transporte [17]. Los dominios del RE donde se concentra la biogénesis de vesículas COPII y la consiguiente exportación de cargo se denominan sitios de salida del RE (ERES) [18, 19]. Mediante motores moleculares, las vesículas se desplazan a lo largo del citoesqueleto hacia su destino, las cisternas del Golgi temprano [20]. La etapa previa al proceso de fusión es la captura o tethering de las vesículas, mediada por tethers característicos de cada compartimento, que actúan como un filtro selectivo que asegura la fusión exclusivamente con su destino adecuado [21, 22]. En las cisternas del Golgi temprano podemos encontrar algunos tethers con estructura coiled-coil —las denominadas golginas—, como p115/Uso1, GM130/Bug1 o CASP/Coy1, en su mayoría reclutadas a membrana por GTPasas de tipo Rab [23]. Una vez la vesícula se aproxima lo suficiente a la membrana aceptora, se establece un complejo constituido por cuatro proteínas transmembrana conocidas como SNAREs (Soluble NSF Attachment protein REceptor) presentes en ambos compartimentos (complejo trans-SNARE) [24] . Además de incorporar otro nivel de especificidad en la fusión, la asociación en paralelo de los 4 motivos SNARE α-helicoidales crea un efecto cremallera que genera el gradiente termodinámico necesario para forzar la fusión entre las bicapas lipídicas opuestas [25-27].

[EN] The secretory pathway transports proteins and lipids from the Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane and extracellular millieu, or to the membrane-bound compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal system. The first step of this pathway is the incorporation to vesicles bound for the Golgi of the proteins synthetized by the ER-associated ribosomes, once these have been properly folded and the necessary posttranslational modifications added [1, 2]. In their journey throughout the Golgi cisternae, these proteins, collectively known as cargo, are subjected to further modifications in their N- and O-glycosilation patterns [3, 4]. Finally, cargo arrives to the Trans-Golgi Network (TGN), where is sorted and concentrated into specialized domains, and subsequently exported by membrane carriers bound for the PM or the endosomal-lysosomal system [5]. Transit through the different pathways of intracellular trafficking is regulated at the molecular level by several mechanisms that, on the one hand, secure that cargo reaches its destination, and on the other, maintain the identity of the different compartments that constitute the endomembrane system [6, 7]. Small GTPases of the Rab and Arf families play a fundamental role as molecular switches, recruiting peripheral membrane proteins to the specific location where they are needed [8]. The loading/hydrolysis cycle of a GTPase is governed by a set of regulators, the most crucial of whom are the Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) and the GTPase activating Proteins (GAPs), which are responsible for the loading of GTP and its hydrolysis, respectively[11, 12]. The main focus of this doctoral thesis is the study of certain regulatory aspects of ER to early Golgi trafficking. This process begins with the activation of the Sar1 GTPase by its cognate GEF, Sec12 [13, 14]. The GTP-bound form of Sar1 gets anchored to the ER membrane and starts the recruitment of the Coat Protein Complex II (COPII) subunits, firstly, the inner layer composed of Sec23-Sec24 subunits [15] . One of the main roles of these subunits is to serve as adaptors for the soluble cargo receptors and other transmembrane proteins exported from the ER [16]. The outer layer of the COPII coat (Sec13-Sec31) contributes to budding of transport vesicles by inducing ER membrane deformation[17]. Those domains of the ER specialized in COPII biogenesis and cargo export are known as ER Exit Sites (ERES) [18, 19]. Vesicles are transported by motor proteins along the cytoskeleton to their destination, the early Golgi cisternae [20]. The step preceding membrane fusion is the capture or tethering of vesicles, a process mediated by compartment-specific tethering factors that behave as a selectivity filter that ensures the fusion of donor vesicles with the correct target membrane [21, 22]. Some tethers found in early Golgi cisternae exhibit a characteristic coiled-coil structure: p115/Uso1, GM130/Bug1 or CASP/Coy1. These coiled-coil tethers are known as golgins, and they are recruited to membranes by activated Rab GTPases [23]. Once the vesicle is close enough to the acceptor membrane, a complex of four transmembrane proteins named SNAREs (Soluble NSF Attachment protein REceptors) is established [24]. The parallel pairing of the 4 α-helical SNARE motifs creates a thermodynamically favorable zippering which brings together the two apposed lipid bilayers [25-27].

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España a través de los proyectos BIO2015-65090-R y RTI2018-093344-B-I00

Contrato predoctoral para la formación de doctores de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación asignado al proyecto BIO2015-65090-R

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Keywords

Microbiología (Farmacia), 3302.03 Microbiología Industrial, Transporte de proteínas, Retículo endoplasmático, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3, Microbiología, 579(043.2), Microbiology, Aparato de Golgi, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

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This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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