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A re-investigation on the historical cervantite-type antimony ochres

Authors: García-Guinea, Javier; Gervilla, Fernando; Garrido Colmenero, Fernando; Correcher, Virgilio; Marco, J.F.; Tormo, Laura;

A re-investigation on the historical cervantite-type antimony ochres

Abstract

[ES] Los ocres de antimonio son óxi-hidróxidos formados por meteorización de estibnita (Sb2S3). Normalmente aparecen como fases minerales simples cristalizadas en el sistema cúbico con estructura de tipo pirocloro y conteniendo algo de calcio y moléculas de agua en su red cristalina. Sus rangos composicionales pueden ser expresados por la fórmula: Sb5+ 2-x (Sb3+, Ca)y (O, OH, H2O)6-7, donde (y) está cerca de 1 y (x) va de 0 a 1. También es muy frecuente que los ocres de antimonio incluyan sustituciones de As, Fe, Ta, Ti, Cu y otros. Esta variabilidad química dentro de la misma estructura ha generado confusiones históricas de nombres de minerales equivalentes con patrones de difracción de rayos X muy similares siendo importante complementar con técnicas analíticas adicionales. El mineral-tipo cervantita de Cervantes (Lugo, España) (Ca, Sb3+)2(Sb5+)2O6(OH) fue desacreditado en 1954 y re-aprobado en 1962 como α-cervantita Sb3+Sb5+O4 difractando muestras de óxidos de antimonio sintéticos y naturales de otras localidades, como por ejemplo de Brasina (Serbia). En este trabajo estudiamos ambos minerales-tipo de Cervantes (Lugo, Spain) y de Zajaca-Stolice (Brasina, Serbia) desde los puntos de vista estructural, químico-elemental, termal, vibracional y de especiación química, asumiendo que los patrones de difracción de rayos X, los de la estructura tipo pirocloro son muy similares entre ellos. El espécimen tipo de Cervantes (Lugo) puede ser considerado como hydroxycalcioromeita (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+)2O6(OH) mientras que el de Brasina Ca2(Sb5+)4O12(OH)2 es muy similar pero sin Sb3+. Ambas muestras contienen calcio y componentes hidratados, es decir, ambos están lejos de ser la α-Cervantita (Sb3+Sb5+O4) oficial anhidra y ortorrómbica. La espectroscopia micro-Raman es esencial para determinar fases minerales y vibraciones de enlaces Sb-O, mientras que espectroscopia FTIR y los ATD-TG fueron útiles para determinar grupos hidroxilos y aguas moleculares y la espectroscopia XPS para definir las especiaciones químicas del antimonio.

[EN] Antimony ocher are yellowish antimony oxo-hydroxides formed by weathering of stibnite (Sb2S3). They occur naturally as single crystallized phases in the isometric system with pyrochlore type structure, containing some Ca and water molecules in the structure, its range in composition can be expressed by the formula: Sb5+ 2-x (Sb3+, Ca)y (O, OH, H2O)6-7, in which y is generally near 1, and x ranges from 0 to 1. Furthermore, Sb-ochres use to include substitutional As, Fe, Ta, Ti, Cu and others. This chemical variability keeping the structure has generated historical confusion of names of equivalent minerals with similar X-ray diffraction patterns being necessary the use of additional techniques. The mineral-type Cervantite from Cervantes (Spain) (Ca, Sb3+)2(Sb5+)2O6(OH) was disapproved at 1954 and re-approved at 1962 as α-Cervantite Sb3+Sb5+O4 analyzing synthetic and natural antimony ochres from other localities, e.g., Brasina (Serbia) by X-ray diffraction. We herein characterize both historical specimens-type from Cervantes (Lugo, Spain) and Zajaca-Stolice (Brasina, Serbia) from the chemical-elemental, structural, thermal and speciation points of view, together with a vibrational study by Raman and FTIR, since the X-ray diffraction patterns of isometric samples with pyrochlore-type structure are excessively similar among them. The Cervantes specimen-type could be named hydroxycalcioromeite (Ca, Sb3+)2(Sb5+)2O6(OH) whereas the Brasina specimen-type Ca2(Sb5+)4O12(OH)2 is very similar but lacking Sb3+; both specimens contain Ca and hydrous components, faraway of the official anhydrous orthorhombic α-Cervantite (Sb3+Sb5+O4) setting. Micro-Raman was essential determining molecular phases and Sb-O bond vibrations, FTIR and DTA-TG finding hydroxyl groups and XPS defining Sb speciation.

The authors gratefully acknowledged the financial support of the National Project PID2019-105469RB-C22 (Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación Spain).

Peer reviewed

Keywords

Cervantite, Romeita, Romeite, Specimen-type, Hydroxycalcioromeita, Especimen-tipo, XPS, Hydroxycalcioromeite, Cervantita, Raman

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
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