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Declive del esturión atlántico Acipenser sturio L., 1758 en Polonia: un esbozo de problemas y perspectivas

Authors: Mamcarz, A.;

Declive del esturión atlántico Acipenser sturio L., 1758 en Polonia: un esbozo de problemas y perspectivas

Abstract

Se revisaron los datos históricos de presencia y explotación del esturión atlántico Acipenser sturio L., 1758 y las causas de su declive, utilizando publicaciones de los siglos XVIII a XX. El esturión atlántico en Polonia se encontraba originalmente en los ríos Vístula y Oder y sus afluentes hasta las partes superiores de sus cursos de agua. En los últimos siglos su distribución se ha reducido de forma importante, y a mediados de la década de los sesenta desapareció completamente de las aguas polacas. El último esturión se capturó en el tramo inferior del río Vístula en 1965 y hoy la especie se considera extirpada. Desde la Edad Media el esturión atlántico fue capturado intensamente en ríos y lagunas, principalmente con redes flotantes. El periodo de máxima explotación pesquera en el río Vístula inferior y en el golfo de Danzig tuvo lugar hacia 1500, y los primeros síntomas de sobreexplotación del esturión se manifestaron alrededor de 1600. Las principales razones para el declive del stock en los ríos polacos son, cronológicamente: (1) la sobreexplotación a largo plazo; (2) la extracción de agua; (3) la ingeniería hidráulica (incluidas las regulaciones fluviales, la construcción de presas y la de puertos), y (4) la contaminación industrial y agrícola. A finales del siglo XIX, la influencia acumulada y prolongada de estos factores alcanzó un nivel crítico. Las regulaciones legales para la protección del esturión, introducidas desde el siglo XIX, no detuvieron este declive. En la última década se ha propuesto un nuevo programa para la recuperación del esturión atlántico en los ríos polacos, basado en la experiencia en la producción de otras especies de acipenséridos en condiciones controladas. El planteamiento principal del programa es establecer algunas partes de las anteriores poblaciones reproductoras en las cuencas de los ríos Vístula y Oder introduciendo peces criados artificialmente. Esta propuesta no se ha podido llevar a cabo debido a la falta de los reproductores necesarios para producir el material a repoblar, un requisito para el establecimiento de las poblaciones reproductivas.

Historical data on the occurrence and exploitation of Atlantic sturgeon and the causes behind its decline were reviewed, using publications from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser sturio L., 1758 in Poland was originally found in the Vistula and Oder Rivers and their tributaries, to the upper parts of their watercourses. Over the following centuries, its range has been greatly reduced, and by the mid-1960s it had completely disappeared from Polish waters. The last sturgeon were caught in the lower Vistula River in 1965. Today, the species is considered extirpated. From the Middle Ages, the Atlantic sturgeon was intensively caught in rivers and lagoons, mainly by floating nets. The period of maximum fishery exploitation in the lower Vistula River and Gulf of Gdansk was about 1500, and the first symptoms of sturgeon overexploitation occurred around 1600. The main reasons for stock decline in Polish rivers are, chronologically: (1) long-term overexploitation; (2) water extraction; (3) hydraulic engineering (including stream regulations, damming and construction of harbours; and (4) industrial and agricultural pollution. At the end of the 19th century, the accumulated and prolonged influence of these factors reached a critical level. Legal regulations for sturgeon protection, introduced from the 19th century, did not stopped its decline. In the last decade, a new programme for the Atlantic sturgeon's restoration in Polish rivers has been proposed, based on the experience in production of other acipenserid species under controlled conditions. The main idea of the programme is to establish some parts of former spawning populations in the Oder and Vistula River systems by introducing fish reared artificially. This proposition has not been implemented due to the lack of spawners required to produce stocking material, a requisite for the establishment of reproductive populations.

Instituto Español de Oceanografía

Country
Spain
Keywords

Distribución, Mar del Norte, conservación, Medio Marino, explotación

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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