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Nowadays, there are countless articles about the harmful effects of paracetamol (PCM) in non-target organisms. Nonetheless, information regarding the toxicity of ciprofloxacin (CPX) and the CPX-PCM mixture is still limited. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxic and genotoxic effects that ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with paracetamol may induce in Danio rerio adults. For this purpose, we exposed several D. rerio adults to three environmentally relevant concentrations of PCM (0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 μg/L), CPX (0.250, 0.500, and 1 μg/L), and their mixture (0.125 + 0.250, 0.250 + 0.500, and 0.500 + 1 μg/L) for 96 h. The blood samples showed CPX alone and in combination with PCM damaged the liver function of fish by increasing the serum levels of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, our histopathological study demonstrated liver of fish suffered several tissue alterations, such as congestion, hyperemia, infiltration, sinusoidal dilatation, macrovascular fatty degeneration, and pyknotic nuclei after exposure to CPX alone and in combination with PCM. Concerning oxidative stress biomarkers and the expression of genes, we demonstrated that CPX and its mixture, with PCM, increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage biomarkers and altered the expression of Nrf1, Nrf2, BAX, and CASP3, 6, 8, and 9 in the liver of fish. Last but not least, we demonstrated CPX alone and with PCM induced DNA damage via comet assay and increased the frequency of micronuclei in a concentration-dependent manner in fish. Overall, our results let us point out CPX, even at low concentrations, induces hepatotoxic effects in fish and that its combination with PCM has a negative synergic effect in the liver of this organism.
Biochemical changes, 610, Apoptosis, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3, BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA, Histopathological alterations, 620, Up-Regulation, Oxidative Stress, Liver, Ciprofloxacin, Oxidative damage, Animals, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zebrafish, Acetaminophen, DNA Damage
Biochemical changes, 610, Apoptosis, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3, BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA, Histopathological alterations, 620, Up-Regulation, Oxidative Stress, Liver, Ciprofloxacin, Oxidative damage, Animals, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zebrafish, Acetaminophen, DNA Damage
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 22 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Average | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% |
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