This paper makes use of the ALMA data ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01355.L. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) via the ERC Synergy Grant ECOGAL (grant 855130), from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through the project COSMHIC (ANR-20-CE31-0009), and the French Programme National de Physique Stellaire and Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire (PNPS and PCMI) of CNRS/INSU (with INC/INP/IN2P3). Y.P. acknowledges funding from the IDEX Université Grenoble Alpes under the Initiatives de Recherche Stratégiques (IRS) “Origine de la Masse des Étoiles dans notre Galaxie” (OMEGa). Y.P. and G.B. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, for the Project “The Dawn of Organic Chemistry” (DOC), grant agreement No 741002. R.G.-M. and T.N. acknowledge support from UNAM-PAPIIT project IN104319. R.G.-M. is also supported by CONACyT Ciencia de Frontera project ID 86372. T.N. acknowledges support from the postdoctoral fellowship program of the UNAM. S.B. acknowledges support from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through the project GENESIS (ANR-16-CE92-0035-01). F.L. acknowledges the support of the Marie Curie Action of the European Union (project MagiKStar, Grant agreement number 841276). A.Gi. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant No. 2008101. P.S. and B.W. were supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number 18H01259) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). P.S. and H.-L.L. gratefully acknowledge the support from the NAOJ Visiting Fellow Program to visit the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan in 2019, February. A.S. gratefully acknowledges funding support through Fondecyt Regular (project code 1180350), from the ANID BASAL project FB210003, and from the Chilean Centro de Excelencia en Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines (CATA) BASAL grant AFB-170002. T.B. acknowledges the support from S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences under the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. G.B. also acknowledges funding from the State Agency for Research (AEI) of the Spanish MCIU through the AYA2017-84390-C2-2-R grant and from the PID2020-117710GB-I00 grant funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033 . T.Cs. has received financial support from the French State in the framework of the IdEx Université de Bordeaux Investments for the future Program. L.B. gratefully acknowledges support by the ANID BASAL projects ACE210002 and FB210003. K.T. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Number 20H05645). D.W. gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under Award No. 1816715.

[Methods] The ALMA-IMF Large Program observed the W43-MM2&MM3 ridge, whose 1.3 mm and 3 mm ALMA 12 m array continuum images reach a ~2500 au spatial resolution. We used both the best-sensitivity and the line-free ALMA-IMF images, reduced the noise with the multi-resolution segmentation technique MnGSeg, and derived the most complete and most robust core catalog possible. Using two different extraction software packages, getsf and GExt2D, we identified ~200 compact sources, whose ~100 common sources have, on average, fluxes consistent to within 30%. We filtered sources with non-negligible free-free contamination and corrected fluxes from line contamination, resulting in a W43-MM2&MM3 catalog of 205 getsf cores. With a median deconvolved FWHM size of 3400 au, core masses range from ~0.1 M⊙ to ~70 M⊙ and the getsf catalog is 90% complete down to 0.8 M⊙.

[Results] The high-mass end of the core mass function (CMF) of W43-MM2&MM3 is top-heavy compared to the canonical IMF. Fitting the cumulative CMF with a single power-law of the form N(> log M) ∝ Mα, we measured α = −0.95 ± 0.04, compared to the canonical α = −1.35 Salpeter IMF slope. The slope of the CMF is robust with respect to map processing, extraction software packages, and reasonable variations in the assumptions taken to estimate core masses. We explore several assumptions on how cores transfer their mass to stars (assuming a mass conversion efficiency) and subfragment (defining a core fragment mass function) to predict the IMF resulting from the W43-MM2&MM3 CMF. While core mass growth should flatten the high-mass end of the resulting IMF, core fragmentation could steepen it.

[Conclusions] In stark contrast to the commonly accepted paradigm, our result argues against the universality of the CMF shape. More robust functions of the star formation efficiency and core subfragmentation are required to better predict the resulting IMF, here suggested to remain top-heavy at the end of the star formation phase. If confirmed, the IMFs emerging from starburst events could inherit their top-heavy shape from their parental CMFs, challenging the IMF universality.

[Aims] The processes that determine the stellar initial mass function (IMF) and its origin are critical unsolved problems, with profound implications for many areas of astrophysics. The W43-MM2&MM3 mini-starburst ridge hosts a rich young protocluster, from which it is possible to test the current paradigm on the IMF origin.

Y. Pouteau et al.

Peer reviewed