The interpretation of medical imaging tests is one of the main tasks that radiologists do. For years, it has been a challenge to teach computers to do this kind of cognitive task; the main objective of the field of computer vision is to overcome this challenge. Thanks to technological advances, we are now closer than ever to achieving this goal, and radiologists need to become involved in this effort to guarantee that the patient remains at the center of medical practice. This article clearly explains the most important theoretical concepts in this area and the main problems or challenges at the present time; moreover, it provides practical information about the development of an artificial intelligence project in a radiology department.