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Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
Doctoral thesis . 2022
License: CC BY NC ND
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Diversidad y sistemática de los Policlados (Platelmintos) del Sur y Oeste de la Península Ibérica

Authors: Perez-García, Patricia;

Diversidad y sistemática de los Policlados (Platelmintos) del Sur y Oeste de la Península Ibérica

Abstract

El Orden Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) está constituido por gusanos planos de vida libre que habitan en las costas de todo el mundo. Se distinguen del resto de platelmintos por sus colores llamativos y la forma de su digestivo, el cual se ramifica por todo el cuerpo. Este Orden se divide, a su vez, en dos subórdenes en función de la ausencia (Acotylea) o presencia (Cotylea) de un órgano adhesivo llamado ventosa. Ambos subórdenes han sufrido cambios en cuanto al número de familias y de géneros que lo integran según varios autores. Asimismo, se ha observado que los caracteres morfológicos tradicionalmente utilizados para identificar especies son insuficientes, puesto que algunas variaciones resultan en ocasiones confusas y poco específicas. Así, el objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral es el estudio del Orden Polycladida de las costas del sur y el oeste de la Península Ibérica, pudiendo evaluar así su diversidad a partir de la realización de estudios morfológicos y moleculares. De este modo, se ha llevado a cabo 1) un inventario de la biodiversidad de Policlados en el ámbito geográfico de estudio, 2) la reducción del grado de incertidumbre taxonómica de este grupo, 3) la detección de potenciales complejos de especies, 4) la comprobación de la validez de los caracteres diagnósticos tradicionalmente utilizados y 5) la actualización de la distribución geográfica de las especies encontradas. Para ello, se ha estudiado con detenimiento la morfología externa e interna de las especies, confirmando su identificación apoyándose en análisis filogenéticos moleculares basados en el marcador nuclear 28S. Los resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis aumentan a 62 el número de especies de Policlados conocidas en la Península Ibérica, suponiendo un aumento del 21% respecto al número de especies conocidas hasta la fecha. También se describen ocho nuevas especies para la Ciencia, así como se redescribe la especie Pseudoceros maximus. Esta última, por su variabilidad de coloración, ha supuesto tradicionalmente junto a Monobiceros langi un complejo de especies a lo largo de todo el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico oriental. Tras la realización de los análisis filogenéticos se observa que el análisis de Inferencia Bayesiana apoya la monofilia de los subórdenes Acotylea y Cotylea, mientras que los análisis de Máxima Verosimilitud no los hace en ninguno de los casos. Adicionalmente, se observa que el marcador 28S permite resolver relaciones filogenéticas a nivel de Superfamilia y de Familia, pero a nivel de género y sobre todo a nivel de especie es necesario el uso de más marcadores. Por último, los caracteres morfológicos utilizados tradicionalmente han resultado ser muy poco informativos para separar especies, pero la combinación de los mismos sí permite en algunos casos la distinción entre géneros.

The Order Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) consists of freeliving flatworms that live in the worldwide coasts. They are distinguished from other flatworms by their bright colours and the shape of their digestive apparatus, formed by branches crossing the whole body. This Order is further divided in two suborders according to the absence (Acotylea) or presence (Cotylea) of an adhesive organ called sucker. Both suborders have undergone changes in the number of families and genera according to various authors. It has also been observed that the traditional characters used to identify species are insufficient, as some variations are sometimes confusing and non-specific. Therefore, the aim of this Doctoral Thesis is to study the Order Polycladida from the southern and western coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, thus being able to evaluate its diversity directly by morphological and molecular studies. In this context, we have carried out 1) an inventory of the biodiversity of Polyclads in the geographical context of the study area, 2) the reduction of the degree of taxonomic uncertainty of this group, 3) the detection of potential species complexes, 4) the validation of the diagnostic characters traditionally used and 5) updating the geographical distribution of the species found. For this purpose, the external and internal morphology of the species has been studied in detail, confirming their identification based on phylogenetic molecular analyses based on the 28S nuclear marker. The results obtained in this Thesis increase the number of Polyclad species known from the Iberian Peninsula to 62, representing an increase of 21% with respect to the number of species known up to date. Eight new species are also described and the Pseudoceros maximus species is redescribed. The latter, due to its colour variability and joining with Monobiceros langi has traditionally been a species complex throughout the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. After performing the phylogenetic analyses, Bayesian Inference analysis supports the monophyly of the suborders Acotylea and Cotylea, while Maximum Likelihood analyses do not do so in any case. Additionally, it is observed that the 28S marker allows phylogenetic relationships to be resolved at the Superfamily and Family level, but at the genus level, and especially at the species level, the use of more markers is necessary. Finally, the morphological characters traditionally used have proved to be less informative for species differentation, but the combination of these characters allow us to distinguish between genera in some cases.

Texto en español e inglés.

Country
Spain
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Keywords

Orden Polycladida, especies de Policlados, Spain, España, Polyclad species, Order Polycladida

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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Italian National Biodiversity Future Center