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DIGITAL.CSIC
Doctoral thesis . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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Docta Complutense
Doctoral thesis . 2023
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Modulación de la neurodegeneración con nuevas aproximaciones multidiana: diseño y síntesis de compuestos innovadores

Authors: Nozal García, Vanesa;

Modulación de la neurodegeneración con nuevas aproximaciones multidiana: diseño y síntesis de compuestos innovadores

Abstract

[ES]Las enfermedades neurodegenerativas como la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) o la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA), que sufren millones de personas en el mundo, carecen hoy en día de una terapia que frene la muerte neuronal que en ellas se produce. Las estrategias tradicionales empleadas por la química médica y el descubrimiento de fármacos no han sido capaces hasta ahora de conseguir un tratamiento efectivo y es por ello que en la presente tesis doctoral titulada: “Modulación de la neurodegeneración con nuevas aproximaciones multidiana: diseño y síntesis de compuestos innovadores”, se proponen dos nuevas aproximaciones para el tratamiento de estas patologías. La primera aproximación es la modulación a través de moléculas pequeñas de la patología de TDP-43, proteína descrita como principal componente de los agregados presentes en las motoneuronas de pacientes con ELA. Esta proteína también se ha definido como agente central de diversos mecanismos patológicos en otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas como la EA. Dado que la hiperfosforilación de TDP-43 mediada por proteínas quinasa es un evento patológico crucial para esta agregación, en esta tesis doctoral se han diseñado, sintetizado y validado inhibidores de la quinasa de tau y tubulina 1 (TTBK1), una de las principales enzimas implicadas en el proceso de hiperfosforilación de esta diana. El modo de unión de los inhibidores con la quinasa ha sido estudiado por medio de cristalografía de rayos X, así como con estudios computacionales. Los compuestos obtenidos han conseguido inhibir de manera eficiente esta quinasa y han sido ensayados en modelos celulares, en los cuales se ha demostrado su efectividad en la modulación de la patología de TDP-43, reduciendo la muerte celular. Por último, se ha demostrado que uno de los compuestos es capaz de proteger las motoneuronas de ratones transgénicos con la patología de TDP-43, disminuyendo la hiperfosforilación de esta y posicionando los inhibidores de TTBK1 como una estrategia eficaz para el tratamiento de esta proteinopatía. La segunda aproximación innovadora descrita en esta tesis doctoral es el diseño y síntesis de compuestos multidiana para el tratamiento de la EA. En concreto, se han diseñado y sintetizado compuestos dirigidos a modular los dos eventos patológicos principales que se producen en esta enfermedad: los ovillos neurofibrilares compuestos por la proteína tau hiperfosforilada y las placas seniles formadas por agregados del péptido β-amiloide. Los compuestos multidiana diseñados presentaron actividad inhibitoria frente a BACE1, la principal proteasa implicada en la digestión de la proteína precursora del β-amiloide así como actividad inhibitoria frente a dos quinasas diferentes implicadas en la hiperfosforilación de tau: CK1δ, LRRK2, GSK3β y TTBK1.

[EN]Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which affect millions of people worldwide, lack a therapy able to stop the characteristic neuronal death. Traditional medicinal chemistry and drug discovery strategies have failed to succeed in finding an effective treatment. In this thesis entitled: “Modulation of the neurodegeneration with new multitarget approaches: design and synthesis of innovative compounds”, two new approaches for the treatment of these pathologies are proposed. The first approach is the modulation with small molecules of the pathology of TDP-43, a protein described as the main component of the aggregates present in the motor neuron of ALS patients. This protein is at the same time, the central agent of different pathological pathways involved in other neurodegenerative diseases such AD. Taking into consideration that the hyperphosphorylation of TDP-43 caused by kinases is a crucial pathological mechanism which triggers this aggregation, several inhibitors of one of the main kinases involved in this event: the tau and tubulin kinase 1 (TTBK1), have been designed and synthetized. The binding mode of the inhibitors with the kinase domain of TTBK1 has been studied using crystallographic and computational techniques. The synthesized compounds efficiently inhibited the kinase and therefore have been tested in cellular models which have shown the ability of these inhibitors to modulate the pathology of TDP-43 causing a reduction of the cellular death. Finally, one of the compounds has been tested in a transgenic TDP-43 animal model, confirming that this TTBK1 inhibitor was able to decrease TDP-43 hyperphosphorylation and protect the motor neurons of the animals. These results demonstrate that TTBK1 inhibition is a valuable strategy for the modulation of this pathology in neurodegenerative diseases.

The second innovative approach described here is the design and synthesis of multitarget ligands for the treatment of AD. The compounds were designed to modulate the two main pathological hallmarks of this dementia: neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated protein tau and senile plaques, the main constituent of which is aggregated amyloid-β peptide. The designed multitarget ligands showed inhibitory activity against BACE1, the main protease involved in the processing of amyloid-β precursor protein and inhibitory activity against two different kinases responsible for the hyperphosphorylation of tau: CK1δ, LRRK2, GSK3β y TTBK1. Linkage strategy was used to connect diverse fragments originally inhibitors of the before mentioned protein kinases, designed and synthetized in this research group using a triazole ring. Besides, the in situ click chemistry methodology has been implemented using BACE1 as protein template which facilitated the discovery of new multitarget compounds efficiently. The binding mode of the compounds with BACE1 was studied using computational methods. Biological evaluation of the synthesized inhibitors in different cellular models resulted in a reduction of the amyloid-β fragment production and a neuroprotection of the cells against the toxic insult of okadaic acid, resulting in a decreased hyperphosphorylation of tau.In summary, in this thesis the design, synthesis and validation of new modulators of key proteins involved in different pathological mechanism is described, offering new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases which lack an effective cure.

De las estrategias habituales para el diseño de este tipo de ligandos, los compuestos multidiana fueron obtenidos partiendo de inhibidores de quinasa conocidos uniéndolos mediante un conector de tipo triazol. Así mismo, se ha puesto a punto una metodología de química click in situ utilizando BACE1 como molde de reacción facilitando el descubrimiento de nuevos compuesto multidiana. El modo de unión respecto a la proteasa BACE1 se estudió con métodos computacionales. La evaluación biológica de los inhibidores sintetizados en distintas líneas celulares provocó por un lado, una reducción en la producción de los fragmentos del β-amiloide así como una neuroprotección de las células frente al daño inducido por el ácido ocadaico y por tanto, por la hiperfosforilación de la proteína tau. En esta tesis doctoral se describe el diseño, síntesis y validación de nuevos moduladores de proteínas clave en distintos mecanismos patológicos, ofreciendo nuevas estrategias terapéuticas para el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas que a día de hoy no tienen cura.

Contrato FPU del Ministerio de Educación. Premios de la SEQT y de la RANF al trabajo realizado.

217 p.-63 fig.-15 tab.-15 esquemas.

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Keywords

Neurodegeneración, Neurociencias (Medicina), Quinasa, Sistema nervioso, Multidiana, 2490 Neurociencias, 616.8-003.8(043.2), Fármaco, System nerious

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This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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