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Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
Doctoral thesis . 2023
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Transcriptional regulatory dynamics underlying neuroinflammation-associated states of microglia

Authors: Navarrón, Carmen M.;

Transcriptional regulatory dynamics underlying neuroinflammation-associated states of microglia

Abstract

[ES] La heterogeneidad de la microglía ha sido demostrada tanto en el cerebro sano comoen condiciones patológicas. Sin embargo, los cambios en la accesibilidad de la cromatina y el perfil transcripcional de la microglía durante una inflamación aguda son poco conocidos. La combinación de RNA-sequencing y ATAC-sequencing en microglía aislada por FACS junto con ensayos de hibridación in situ (RNAscope), muestran que la microglía lleva a cabo transiciones dinámicas entre distintos estados funcionales a lo largo de la respuesta inflamatoria aguda. Hemos identificado una respuesta temprana-corta compuesta por genes relacionados con la respuesta de las citoquinas (Il1b) y una respuesta tempranasostenida compuesta por genes de la vía del interferón (Oasl2); una respuesta tardía y heterogénea asociada la función proliferativa de la microglía (Ms4a4a); y una respuesta tardía-sostenida relacionada con la expresión de MHC-II (Axl); al mismo tiempo, hay una disminución transitoria en la expresión de genes homeostáticos (P2ry12, Cx3cr1, entre otros). Tras meta-analizar datos publicados de marcadores de DAM microglía junto con los genes identificados en nuestro estudio con LPS, observamos que los marcadores que identifican a la microglía DAM son compartidos con los expresados por la microglía en los estadios tardíos de inflamación aguda. Confirmamos la presencia de DAM e IRM microglía en el modelo de AD J20 mediante single-cell RNA-sequencing de microglía aislada. Además, identificamos mediante RNAscope de marcadores comunes de neuroinflamación aguda y crónica un aumento en la expresión de Oasl2 en la proximidad de las placas β-amiloideas difusas, mientras que el aumento observado en la expresión de Axl ocurre tanto en placas β-amiloideas difusas como compactas. También mostramos un aumento en la expresión de Oasl2 y Axl en tejido post-mortem de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Finalmente, hemos identificado, mediante un análisis in silico de motivos de unión de factores de transcripción, a la subunidad RelA/p65 del factor de transcripción NFκB como un regulador clave en la microglía del programa transcripcional relacionado con la expresión de citoquinas. La depleción condicional de RelA en la microglía durante la etapa adulta recapitula la respuesta relacionada con el interferón (con un aumento en la expresión de la familia Oas) y la fagocitosis (con un aumento en la expresión de Axl) que es suficiente para alterar el aprendizaje instrumental y la LTP. Nuestros hallazgos muestran estados comunes de la microglía en condiciones inflamatorias agudas (LPS) y crónicas (AD) tanto en modelos animales como en humano. La depleción selectiva de RelA reprograma a la microglía hacia un fenotipo presente tanto en los estados tardíos en la respuesta aguda a LPS como en enfermedad crónica. Nuestro trabajo aumenta el conocimiento actual sobre la heterogeneidad de la microglía en situaciones neuroinflamatorias agudas y crónicas lo que supone grandes implicaciones para nuestro entendimiento sobre cómo el papel que juega la microglía en diferentes patologías del CNS.

[EN] Microglia heterogeneity has been shown in both healthy and chronic neurodegenerative conditions, however, very little is known about microglia chromatin accessibility and transcriptome landscape during acute neuroinflammation. We combined bulk RNAsequencing and ATAC-sequencing on FACS-sorted microglia population with single molecule in situ hybridization (RNAscope), to reveal dynamic transitions across microglia functional states along the acute neuroinflammatory response. We identify an immediateearly cytokine-related (Il1b) and an immediate-sustained interferon response (Oasl2) microglia; a delayed response associated to heterogeneous proliferative microglia (Ms4a4a); and a delayed-sustained late stage of MHC-II-expressing (Axl) microglia; altogether with a transient loss of homeostatic genes (P2ry12, Cx3cr1 among others). Meta-analysis of published DAM microglia marker genes and LPS-responsive microglia shows that late stage of acute inflammation-associated microglia shares DAM phenotype. We confirm the presence of DAM and IRM microglia by microglia single-cell RNA-sequencing of J20 mouse model of AD. Moreover, we identify in situ by RNAscope of common acute and chronic neuroinflammation marker genes, a specific upregulation of the interferon-related marker (Oasl2) in the proximity of diffuse Aβ plaques whereas the phagocytic-related marker (Axl) is expressed by microglia in the surrounding of both dense and diffuse Aβ plaques. We also revealed an increase in the expression of both Oasl2 and Axl in human postmortem brain tissue from AD patients. Finally, in silico transcription factor motif analysis shows the RelA/p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB as a key regulator of microglia cytokine-related transcriptional program. Conditional depletion of RelA in microglia during adulthood (RelA-cKO mice) recapitulates the interferon-related (with upregulation of Oas family) and phagocytic microglia phenotypes (with an upregulation of Axl) that is sufficient to alter instrumental learning and memory, and LTP. Our findings reveal common microglia signatures in acute (LPS) and chronic (AD) inflammatory conditions both in mouse animal models and human AD. Depletion of RelA reprograms microglia towards a phenotype present in both the late state in acute LPS, and Aβ plaques-associated microglia in chronic disease. Our work deepens our knowledge of microglia heterogeneity in acute and chronic neuroinflammatory response, with major implications for our understanding of microglia contributions to disease.

The present PhD thesis has been funded by the following research agencies: Dña. Carmen María Navarrón Izquierdo is recipient of a FPI contract (BES-2016-076281) associated with the excellence program Severo Ochoa (SEV-2013-0317). The present PhD thesis has been supported by the grants SAF2014-60233-JIN RYC-2015-18056, and RTI2018-102260-BI00, from MICINN co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

Programa de Doctorado en Neurociencias por la Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (IN-CSIC).

Peer reviewed

Keywords

Neurociencias, CDU::6 - Ciencias aplicadas::61 - Medicina::616 - Patología. Medicina clínica. Oncología::616.8 - Neurología. Neuropatología. Sistema nervioso

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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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