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Classical dynamics of gas-surface scattering: fundamentals and applications.

Authors: Rodríguez Fernández, Alberto;

Classical dynamics of gas-surface scattering: fundamentals and applications.

Abstract

[FR]: L’objet de cette thèse est l’étude théorique de processus réactifs et non réactifs se produisant à l’interface gaz-solide. Deux méthodes de trajectoires classiques, différentes et complémentaires, ont été utilisées afin de simuler la dynamique de ces processus. La première met en jeu un ensemble conséquent de trajectoires classiques obtenues en résolvant numériquement les équations de Hamilton sur une surface d’énergie potentielle (SEP) construite au préalable. Ces trajectoires sont pondérées par des poids statistiques conformément à deux contraintes semiclassiques: la pondération gaussienne et la correction d’adiabaticité. Cette approche, dans un esprit quantique, a été appliquée à la collision entre H2 et la surface de Pd(111). Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes limités au cas où H2 se trouve dans son état rovibrationnel fondamental. Nous avons par la suite considéré ses états rotationnels excités. Il nous est alors apparu nécessaire de modifier la correction d’adiabaticité sur la base d’arguments semiclassiques rigoureux. Dans les deux cas, les prédictions des probabilités de collage et de réflexion résolues en états se sont avérées être en accord remarquable avec celles obtenues par des calculs quantiques exacts, contrairement aux prédictions classiques standards. L’approche classique dans un esprit quantique pourrait ainsi s’avérer d’une grande utilité pour les études à venir. La seconde méthode utilisée dans ce travail, connu sous le vocable de Ab-Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD), permet de calculer les forces entre noyaux à partir de la théorie de la fonctionnelle densité et d’en déduire classiquement leurs déplacements. Contrairement à l’approche précédente, l’AIMD n’exige pas la construction généralement difficile d’une SEP (le prix à payer, toutefois, est que le coût numérique de chaque trajectoire est nettement plus élevé qu’avec la méthode précédente). L’AIMD nous a permis d’étudier le processus de dissociation de H2 sur la surface de W(110). La fonctionnelle utilisée inclut un terme de van der Waals qui provoque un acroissement de l’attraction à longue distance, compensé par une augmentation de la répulsion à courte distance. La combinaison des deux effets diminue de façon appréciable la probabilité de dissociation, alors en meilleur accord avec le résultat expérimental obtenu à l’aide d’une surface propre. Lorsque des atomes d’oxygène sont adsorbés au préalable sur la surface, la probabilité de dissociation chute considérablement. Cet effet est d’autant plus fort que la quantité d’oxygène adsorbé est forte. Un modèle de phase ordonnée a été utilisé afin d’expliquer l’absence de collage pour le taux de courverture Θ = 0.35 ML observé expérimentalement. Les atomes d’oxygène dévient les molécules H2 des étroits passages conduisant au collage en l’absence des atomes d’oxygène. Ceci élimine toute chance de collage pour de forts taux de recouvrement. En revanche, pour de faible taux, on s’attend à ce qu’une dynamique similaire à celle sur la surface propre se produise au dessus des atomes de tungstène, et à une distance suffisamment grande des atomes d’oxygène.

[EN]: This thesis manuscript is devoted to the theoretical study of several reactive andnon-reactive processes that take place at the gas-solid interface. Two classical trajec-tory methods, different and complementary, were used to simulate the dynamics ofthese processes. The first one relies on large sets of classical paths obtained by nu-merically solving Hamilton equations on a previously constructed potential energysurface (PES). Classical paths are then assigned statistical weights based on twosemiclassical corrections: Gaussian binning and the adiabaticity correction. Thisapproach, in a quantum spirit, was applied to the scattering of H2 on a Pd(111) sur-face. First, the study focused on collisions where H2 is initially in the rovibrationalground state. Then, rotationally excited states were considered. On this occasion,a variation of the adiabaticity correction based on firmer semiclassical grounds wasintroduced. In both cases, the predictions of the sticking and state-resolved reflec-tion probabilities were found to be in remarkably good agreement with those ob-tained through exact quantum time-dependent calculations, contrary to standardquasi-classical trajectory predictions. The classical approach in a quantum spiritcould thus be very useful for future studies.The second method used in this work, known as Ab-Initio Molecular Dynamics(AIMD), calculates the inter-nuclear forces from density functional theory and usesthem to classically move the nuclei. Contrary to the previous approach, AIMD doesnot require the very demanding construction of a PES. The price to pay, however,is that the numerical cost of each trajectory is much higher than with the previ-ous method. AIMD allowed us to study the dissociation process of H2 on W(110)surfaces. The functional we use includes a van der Waals term which provokesan increase of the far distance attraction that is compensated by a stronger repul-sion at short distances. The combination of both effects appreciably decreases thevalue of the dissociation probability, bringing it closer to the experimental resultwhen a clean surface is used. When oxygen atoms are previously adsorbed onthe surface, the dissociation probability drops considerably. This effect increaseswith the amount of oxygen on the surface. An ordered phase of O adsorbates onthe W surface is used to explain the nonexistent sticking probability for coverages¿ > 0.35 ML observed experimentally. We show that the oxygen atoms push the H2molecules away from the narrow bottlenecks that open the paths to dissociation inthe absence of oxygen atoms. This effectively eliminates any chance of dissociationin the surface for high coverages. At lower coverages, our calculations demonstratethat the dissociation dynamics resemble those in the clean surface just in very spe-cific surface regions.

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Keywords

surfaces, superficies

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
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