The ambition to create mind-reading technologies – using BrainComputer Interfaces (BCIs), to record neural activity in the living brain to predict the thoughts and experiences of individuals – is growing. Already, those technologies that translate neural activity into control signals for computers, robots or prostheses – are constantly being developed and refined. The prospect of using this kind of technology outside the clinical setting, a setting which has its own very deep neuroethical conundra, suggests the need for common ethical, legal and social guidelines at the EU and international level. Not least, the potential for the merging of human and machine, human enhancement, and the possibilities for private profit from all of this, make responsible handling of such BCI neurotechnology imperative. In this chapter, we focus on some issues in the BCI literature and research as a blueprint to identify challenges, risks and opportunities for the elaboration of a common ethical and legal framework concerning issues of safety, ethics and data protection.