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handle: 10261/230751
[ES] La microbiota intestinal hace referencia al conjunto de microorganismos que se encuentran en nuestro intestino y que pueden llegar a intervenir a través del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro en diversas enfermedades, como el Alzheimer (EA), la forma más común de demencia caracterizada por la acumulación y mal plegamiento de las proteínas tau y β - amiloide (Aβ). El aumento de la permeabilidad del intestino y de la barrera hematoencefálica (BHE) como consecuencia de la alteración de la diversidad bacteriana intestinal (disbiosis) permite la llegada tanto de bacterias patogénicas como de sus metabolitos (lipopolisacáridos, amiloides…) al cerebro, lo que contribuye a la formación de citocinas pro-inflamatorias que fomentan la inflamación y el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Numerosos estudios demuestran que mientras Firmicutes y Proteobacteria disminuyen su abundancia en pacientes con EA, Bacteroidetes y Verrucomicrobia aumentan su densidad. Además, probióticos, prebióticos y nuevas alternativas pueden considerarse como tratamientos para reducir/eliminar la disbiosis de la microbiota intestinal, originada por múltiples factores (dieta, antibióticos…). La mayoría de los estudios se han realizado en modelos murinos y no aportan la suficiente información con respecto a las rutas fisiopatológicas de la enfermedad; por ello, el uso de modelos humanos es trascendental para conocer los mecanismos subyacentes.
[EN] Gut microbiota refers to the group of microorganisms that are inside our intestine and can interfere through microbiota-intestine-brain axis in various diseases, such as Alzheimer (EA), the most common form of dementia characterized by the accumulation and misfolding of tau and β - amyloid (Aβ) proteins. Increasing intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BHE) permeability as a consequence of bacterial diversity alteration (dysbiosis) allows pathogen bacteria and their metabolites (e.g., lipopolysaccharides, amyloids) to enter the brain, which leads to the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote inflammation and disease development. Several studies demonstrate that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria decrease in abundance, while Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia increases in the gut of EA patients. Moreover, probiotics, prebiotics and new alternatives can be considered as treatments for reducing or removing the dysbiosis, caused by multiple factors, such as diet and antibiotics. Most studies utilized murine models that do not provide enough information about physiopathological pathways; thus, human studies are vital for understanding the underlying mechanisms.
Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Biología. Curso académico 2019-2020
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