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Role of Vitamin K-Dependent Factors Protein S and GAS6 and TAM Receptors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19-Associated Immunothrombosis

Authors: Anna Tutusaus; Montserrat Marí; José T. Ortiz-Pérez; Gerry A. F. Nicolaes; Albert Morales; Pablo García de Frutos;

Role of Vitamin K-Dependent Factors Protein S and GAS6 and TAM Receptors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19-Associated Immunothrombosis

Abstract

The vitamin K-dependent factors protein S (PROS1) and growth-arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) and their tyrosine kinase receptors TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK, the TAM subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), are key regulators of inflammation and vascular response to damage. TAM signaling, which has largely studied in the immune system and in cancer, has been involved in coagulation-related pathologies. Because of these established biological functions, the GAS6-PROS1/TAM system is postulated to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression complications. The participation of the TAM system in vascular function and pathology has been previously reported. However, in the context of COVID-19, the role of TAMs could provide new clues in virus-host interplay with important consequences in the way that we understand this pathology. From the viral mimicry used by SARS-CoV-2 to infect cells, to the immunothrombosis that is associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients, TAM signaling seems to be involved at different stages of the disease. TAM targeting is becoming an interesting biomedical strategy, which is useful for COVID-19 treatment now, but also for other viral and inflammatory diseases in the future.

Country
Netherlands
Keywords

GENE 6, axl, Review, Adaptive Immunity, immune response, Protein S, ACTIVATION, GAS6, tyro-3 family receptors, Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6, MER, GROWTH, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Coronavirus Infections, endothelium, MERTK, gas6, growth, Pneumonia, Viral, TYROSINE KINASE AXL, VIRAL-INFECTION, DENDRITIC CELLS, viral-infection, mer, APOPTOTIC CELLS, Animals, Humans, dendritic cells, Endothelium, coagulation, Immune response, negative regulator, Pandemics, Hemostasis, Coagulation, QH573-671, c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase, AXL, COVID-19, gene 6, Thrombosis, apoptotic cells, NEGATIVE REGULATOR, tyrosine kinase axl, Viral infection, mertk, TYRO-3 FAMILY RECEPTORS, activation, viral infection, Cytology

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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