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Partitioning of the water soluble versus insoluble fraction of trace elements in the city of Santiago, Chile

Authors: Rubio, M.A.; Sánchez, K.; Richter, P.; Pey, Jorge; Gramsch, E.;

Partitioning of the water soluble versus insoluble fraction of trace elements in the city of Santiago, Chile

Abstract

Se investigó la composición elemental total y la fracción soluble en agua de PM en tres áreas urbanas diferentes de Santiago de Chile, del centro a los suburbios. Las muestras de PM recogidas durante el mes de mayo (mediados del otoño en el hemisferio sur) en 2006, 2008, 2009 y 2010 fueron analizadas para metales mayores y trazas, y la partición entre fracciones insolubles y solubles se determinó para la mayoría de ellos. Las concentraciones medias de PM variaron de 71 μg m (Cerrillos) a 128 μg m (La Pintana), valores que se encuentran dentro de los rangos estacionales observados en Santiago. Se cuantificaron 25 elementos principales y trazas (Fe, Al, Ca, K, Mg, P, Pb, S, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ba, Zr, Cr, As, Sn, Sb, Ni, V, Li Co, Cd, La y Rb) en el presente estudio. Ba, Sb, Cd, As y Zn fueron los elementos más solubles, con proporciones que varían de 50% a 98% de solubilidad. Por el contrario, los oligoelementos menos solubles fueron Ti, Sn, Pb y Cr. La mayor parte de los metales traza de alta solubilidad no están solamente fuertemente ligados a la emisión de tubos de escape vehiculares, sino a emisiones vehiculares como el sistema de frenos o a ciertas fuentes industriales. Nuestros resultados evidencian la cantidad significativa de oligoelementos solubles en la atmósfera urbana de Santiago clasificados como tóxicos y/o carcinógenos, lo que sugiere un impacto no despreciable en la salud.The total elemental composition and the water-soluble fraction of PM from three different urban areas in Santiago, Chile, from downtown to the suburbs, were investigated. PM samples collected during the month of May (mid-autumn in the Southern Hemisphere) in 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2010 were analyzed for major and trace metals, and the partitioning between the insoluble and soluble fractions was determined for most of them. PM average concentrations ranged from 71 μg m (Cerrillos) to 128 μg m (La Pintana), which are within the seasonal ranges observed in Santiago. Twenty five major and trace elements (Fe, Al, Ca, K, Mg, P, Pb, S, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ba, Zr, Cr, As, Sn, Sb, Ni, V, Li, Co, Cd, La, and Rb) were determined in the present study. Ba, Sb, Cd, As, and Zn, with proportions in the soluble fraction varying from 50% to 98%, were the most soluble elements. On the contrary, the less soluble trace elements were Ti, Sn, Pb, and Cr. Most of the high-solubility trace metals are strongly linked to non-exhaust traffic emissions, as well as to certain industrial sources. Our results evidence the significant amount of soluble trace elements in Santiago's urban atmosphere classified as toxic and/or carcinogenic, thus suggesting a non-negligible health impact.

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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