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The large eruption 4.2 ka cal BP in Cerro Blanco, Central Volcanic Zone, Andes: Insights to the Holocene eruptive deposits in the southern Puna and adjacent regions

Authors: Fernande Turiel, José Luis; Pérez Torrado, Francisco; Rodriguez-González, Alejandro; Saavedra Alonso, Julio; Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Rejas, Marta; Lobo, Agustín; +5 Authors

The large eruption 4.2 ka cal BP in Cerro Blanco, Central Volcanic Zone, Andes: Insights to the Holocene eruptive deposits in the southern Puna and adjacent regions

Abstract

La erupción del Complejo Volcánico Cerro Blanco en el sur de la Puna, noroeste de Argentina (4410–4150 a BP) se investigó para obtener nueva información sobre estratigrafía, geomorfología, volcanología física, dataciones por radiocarbono, petrografía y geoquímica. La caracterización de los productos en relación a la evolución de la caldera de Cerro Blanco permitió estimar la distribución de los depósitos de ceniza de la fase paroxísmica Plineana de la erupción. Estos novedosos resultados evidencian una gran erupción explosiva riolítica que generó depósitos cineríticos en un área de aproximadamente 500.000 km2, acumulando > 100 km3 de tefra (volumen total). Este último valor supera el umbral inferior del Índice de Explosividad Volcánica (IEV) de 7. Los depósitos de caída de ceniza cubrieron la región, llegando a más de 400 km desde el Complejo Volcánico de Cerro Blanco, y los potentes depósitos de flujos piroclásticos rellenaron los valles vecinos alcanzando una distancia de 35 km. Esta erupción es la más grande documentada durante los últimos cinco milenios en la Zona Volcánica Central de los Andes y es probablemente una de las mayores erupciones explosivas holocenas del mundo. Además, se han identificado otras dos erupciones riolíticas en la región procedentes de otros dos centros eruptivos: una durante el Holoceno temprano y otra en el Holoceno tardío. La identificación y caracterización de estos grandes eventos volcánicos proporcionan nuevas guías para los registros geológicos y arqueológicos regionales del Holoceno, siendo marcadores cronostratigráficos de aplicación a una extensa área geográfica de América del Sur.

The eruption of the Cerro Blanco Volcanic Complex, in the southern Puna, NW Argentina dated at 4410–4150 a cal BP, was investigated to produce new information on stratigraphy, geomorphology, physical volcanology, radio-carbon dating, petrography, and geochemistry. Identification of pre–, syn–, and post–caldera products allowed us to estimate the distribution of the Plinian fallout during the paroxysmal syn–caldera phase of the eruption. The new results provide evidence for a major rhyolitic explosive eruption that spread volcanic deposits over an area of ~500,000 km2, accumulating >100 km3 of tephra (bulk volume). This last value exceeds the lower threshold of Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI) of 7. Ash-fall deposits mantled the region at distances >400 km from source and thick pyroclastic-flow deposits filled neighbouring valleys up to 35 km away. This eruption is the largest docu-mented during the past five millennia in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, and is probably one of the largest Holocene explosive eruptions in the world. We have also identified two additional rhyolitic eruptions in the region from two other eruptive sources: one during the Early–Holocene and another in the Late–Holocene. The identi-fication and characterisation of these significant volcanic events provide new constraints into regional Holocene geological and archaeological records, and offer extensive regional chronostratigraphic markers over a wide geo-graphical area of South America.

Fernandez-Turiel, J. L., Perez–Torrado, F. J., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, A., Saavedra, J., Carracedo, J. C., Rejas, M., Lobo, A., Osterrieth, M., Carrizo, J. I., Esteban, G., Gallardo, J. y Ratto, N. R. (2019). La gran erupción de hace 4.2 ka cal en Cerro Blanco, Zona Volcánica Central, Andes: nuevos datos sobre los depósitos eruptivos holocenos en la Puna sur y regiones adyacentes. Estudios Geológicos, 75(1), e088.

Fil: Ratto, Norma Rosa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; Argentina

Fil: Osterrieth, Margarita Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina

Fil: Gallardo, Juan Fernando. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca; España

Fil: Saavedra Alonso, Julio. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca; España

Fil: Rodríguez González, Alejandro. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; España

Fil: Fernández Turiel, José Luis. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra Jaume Almera; España

Fil: Perez Torrado, Francisco. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; España

Keywords

Holocene, Complejo Volcánico Cerro Blanco, Cerro Blanco Volcanic Complex, Ceniza volcánica, 250621 Vulcanología, Argentina, Andes, Central Volcanic Zone, volcanic ash, Holoceno, ceniza volcánica, Chaiten Volcano, Zona Volcánica Central, Volcanic ash, Volcanic Ash

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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