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Part of book or chapter of book . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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Testemuño isotópico (13C) do cambio global en Galicia

Authors: Cabaneiro, Ana; Fernández Piñeiro, Irene;

Testemuño isotópico (13C) do cambio global en Galicia

Abstract

[GL] Paralelamente ao aumento das emisións globais de CO2, a concentración do isótopo estable 13C na atmosfera diminuíu a nivel mundial 1,5‰ nos últimos 200 anos e mesmo durante a segunda metade do século XX tanto as medidas directas como as procedentes de rexistros dendrocronolóxicos mostraron unha aceleración desta tendencia, cunha diminución anual do 13C atmosférico de 0,02‰, debido principalmente a un aumento das emisións de gases orixinados pola queima de combustibles fósiles empobrecidos neste isótopo. Nos ecosistemas forestais, o CO2 ambiental fixado durante a fotosíntese e finalmente retido na madeira das árbores proporciona unha axeitada pegada isotópica da composición atmosférica do momento de formación dos aneis de crecemento arbóreo, polo que os valores da relación 13C/12C das series dendrolóxicas poden ser considerados como unha ferramenta idónea para desvelar a composición atmosférica de tempos pasados. A discriminación do isótopo estable 13C, que ten lugar durante o proceso fotosintético, vén determinada en certa medida polas distintas velocidades de difusión do 13C-CO2 e do 12C-CO2 a través dos estomas, pero principalmente polas diferenzas na cinética das reaccións enzimáticas implicadas na súa fixación bioquímica, determinando a combinación destes dous factores a marca isotópica característica de cada especie. Non obstante, a variabilidade isotópica natural entre exemplares arbóreos da mesma especie, incluso para árbores que crecen en condicións moi parecidas, frustra a miúdo a correcta interpretación dendrolóxica dos cambios atmosféricos do 13C a escalas de tempo curtas. Co fin de obter evidencias isotópicas rexionais do cambio global, analizáronse aneis de crecemento de coníferas procedentes de diversos e contrastados ecosistemas do noroeste de España para determinar os cambios no d13C acontecidos durante o último cuarto de século. Múltiples estudos diferenciais árbore a árbore e a expresión do contido isotópico como a variación con respecto á composición dos aneis formados 25 anos atrás permitiron a minimización das perturbacións debidas á variabilidade arbórea interindividual, así como a estandarización interespecífica dos datos. Esta forma de abordar as investigacións isotópicas amplía considerablemente a eficacia da dendrocronoloxía en estudos climáticos ao evitar a influencia dos factores locais e ecolóxicos, proporcionando un reflexo máis fiable da evolución do 13C atmosférico. Deste modo, a partir do estudo isotópico dos aneis de crecemento arbóreo en bosques galegos, demostrouse a existencia dunha diminución real na relación 13C/12C atmosférica, o que nos ofrece, en Galicia e a comezos do século XXI, unha clara evidencia do cambio global.

[EN] Parallely to the increase of global CO2 emissions, the worldwide 13C concentration in the atmosphere has decreased over the last 200 years by 1.5‰ and during the second half of the XX century, both direct measures and dendrochronological records showed a sharper 13C decline in the atmosphere of about 0.02‰ per year, mainly ascribed to increased gaseous emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, usually depleted in this isotope. In forest ecosystems, ambient CO2-C fixed during photosynthesisremains within the growing tree-rings tissues, providing a proper chronological fingerprint of the momentary atmospheric composition and the 13C/12C ratio in dendrological series can be considered as a powerful tool for remote atmospheric reconstruction. Discrimination of the stable carbon isotope 13C, that occurs during photosynthetic processes, is associated with differences in 13C-CO2 and 12C-CO2 stomatal diffusion and especially with differences in the enzymatic reaction kinetics involved in their biochemical fixation, determining the combination of both factors the characteristic isotopic fingerprint of each tree species. However, natural isotopic variability among individual trees of the same species, even under very similar growing conditions often frustrates the accurate dendrological interpretation of 13C atmospheric changes at short timescales. In order to obtain regional isotopic evidences of the global change we monitored d13C shifts in coniferous growing-rings from diverse contrasting ecosystems of the NW of Spain during the last quarter of century. Multiple tree-by-tree differential studies that expressed d13C shifts as 5-year increments respect to the isotopic composition of its own quinquenial growing-rings formed 25 years ago were carried out to minimize disturbances caused by interindividual tree variability and to allow interspecific data standardisation. This particular approach for isotopic data management can considerably improve dendrochronological techniques for climatic studies by avoiding influences of local and ecological factors and by providing indirect but highly trustworthy reflects of the atmospheric 13C evolution. Our isotopic results of growing tree-rings from Galician forests demonstrate the existence of a real decrease in the atmospheric 13C/12C ratio, constituting a clear evidence of global change in Galicia at the beginning of the XXI century.

Estes estudos foron desenvolvidos con financiamento procedente da Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT06PXIB400131PR) e do Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL2007-66739-C02-02). Agradecémoslle á Unidade de Xestión Forestal Sustentable (USC) a súa axuda para a selección e determinación da calidade dos bosques e ao Departamento de Bioquímica do Solo (IIAG-CSIC) a súa axuda para a determinación do 13C nun espectrómetro de masas isotópico, parcialmente financiado polo European Regional Development Fund.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green