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Dinámica espacio-temporal del contenido en nitrato de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas de la cuenca del río Oja (La Rioja, Espana): Vulnerabilidad del acuífero aluvial

Authors: Arauzo, Mercedes; Valladolid, María; Martínez-Bastida, Juan José; Gutiérrez, Carmen;

Dinámica espacio-temporal del contenido en nitrato de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas de la cuenca del río Oja (La Rioja, Espana): Vulnerabilidad del acuífero aluvial

Abstract

La escorrentía y filtración de aguas con alto contenido en nitrato procedente de las prácticas de fertilización agrícola, genera un grave problema de contaminación difusa de los recursos hídricos. Como resultado, se alcanzan concentraciones de nitrato en las reservas de agua que pueden afectar a la salud humana y a la calidad ambiental. En Europa la norma encargada de regular esta problemática es la Directiva 91/676/CEE, en la que se define como zona vulnerable aquella superficie territorial cuya escorrentía o filtración pueda originar contaminación de las aguas por nitratos. La Directiva fija en 50 mg/l de nitrato el límite a partir del cual se entiende que el agua está afectada por el proceso de contaminación. Con frecuencia estacional y durante un periodo superior a un ciclo anual, se ha realizado un seguimiento de la evolución piezométrica del acuífero aluvial del Oja y una caracterización hidroquímica del mismo y del río Oja (La Rioja, España). Parte del área de estudio está tipificada por la Comunidad de La Rioja como zona vulnerable y zona vulnerable ampliable. Nuestro objetivo ha sido estudiar la dinámica del contenido en nitrato de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas de la Unidad Hidrogeológica del aluvial del Oja, mediante la interpretación de una secuencia de mapas que ilustran las variaciones, en el espacio y en el tiempo, del proceso de contaminación. Se discute, además, la relación entre la distribución del ión nitrato y las variaciones hidrológicas, las características del sustrato geológico y el periodo de mayor aporte de fertilizantes. Durante la estación estival, se observó un amplio descenso en el nivel piezométrico del acuífero, como consecuencia de las extracciones de agua por bombeo para riego agrícola y del menor aporte desde los arroyos tributarios. El agua también desapareció temporalmente de la zona media del cauce del Oja durante el verano. El caudal habitual se recuperó durante el otoño, con la subida del nivel piezométrico. La concentración de nitrato sobrepasó el nivel de referencia establecido en la Directiva en la mitad norte del acuífero aluvial. La lixiviación procedente del abono nitrogenado de primavera provocó una expansión del área contaminada hacia la zona centro-occidental del acuífero durante el verano, que remitió con la recarga de otoño-primavera. No ocurrió lo mismo en las zonas norte y este, con menor renovación del agua, donde las concentraciones de nitrato se situaron siempre por encima de los valores permitidos.

A high content of nitrate in runoff and leaching water from excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer in farming generates a serious problem of diffuse pollution in water resources. As a result, hig nitrate concentrations in reservoir waters are reached which could produce harmful effects on human health and environment quality. In Europe, the standard that regulates this issue is the Directive 91/676/EEC that defines a vulnerable zone as an area of land that drains into waters, and that contains more than 50 mg/l nitrates, which is the limit stated by the Directive. Once a season and during a period greater than an annual cycle, a hydrochemistry and piezometry study was performed in the Oja alluvial aquifer and the Oja River (La Rioja, Spain). A part of the study area was classified by Comunidad de La Rioja as a vulnerable zone and an expandable vulnerable zone. Our objective was to study the spatial and temporal dynamics of nitrate content in surface and subterranean waters of the basin River Oja, through the interpretation of a map sequence showing tne temporal and spatial variation of the pollution processes. Relationships between nitrate ion distribution and period of fertilization, hydrological dynamics and geologic characteristics are discussed. A marked fall in the aquifer piezometric level was observed during summer because of water extraction for agriculture and a lower water flow from the tributary streams. Water also disappeared in the middle zone of the River Oja during summer. Flow and the initial piezometric layer were recovered during next autumn. Nitrate concentration was higher than the reference level established by the Directive in the northern half of the alluvial aquifer. Nitrate leaching from fertilizers used in spring produced an expansion of pollution to the middle-west area of the aquifer during summer, which receded with the autumnspring recharge. Nitrate pollution in the northeast area of the aquifer did not show the same pattern, and always showed concentrations higher than the allowed level.

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Spain
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Keywords

Directiva 91/676/CCE, Directiva 91/676/CEE, Nitrato, Zonas vulnerables, Nitrate, Vulnerable zones, Zones vulnerables, Aqüífer aluvial, Directive 91/676/EEC, Alluvial aquifer, Nitrat, Acuífero aluvial

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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