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Dynamics of biological and non-biological aqueous solutions-Evidence of coupling between the motions of water and solutes

Authors: Combarro Palacios, Izaskun Leticia;

Dynamics of biological and non-biological aqueous solutions-Evidence of coupling between the motions of water and solutes

Abstract

[ES]: Las proteínas son los principales polímeros estructurales y funcionales en los seres vivos. Cumplen un amplio abanico de funciones gracias a su gran heterogeneidad estructural. Describir las funciones de las proteínas equivale a describir en términos moleculares todos los fenómenos biológicos pero, brevemente, podríamos decir que algunas proteínas constituyen la estructura de los tejidos, mientras otras funcionan en la catálisis de reacciones metabólicas o el transporte de vitaminas, minerales, oxígeno y combustibles. Las proteínas son sintetizadas como una secuencia de aminoácidos unidos en una estructura lineal, pero adoptan estructuras tridimensionales complejas para realizar las funciones biológicas previamente mencionadas. La mayoría de los libros de texto muestran las proteínas en una única conformación, sin su envoltura de hidratación y sin el disolvente en el que están disueltas, y mucho menos se mencionan las fluctuaciones de estos. Pero lo cierto es que las proteínas son sistemas dinámicos que interactúan fuertemente con su entorno. De hecho, el propio disolvente es el que potencia los movimientos y los cambios de conformación de la proteína, aportando flexibilidad a la estructura de la molécula para que esta pueda adquirir la estructura final y biológicamente activa. De acuerdo con esto, para comprender correctamente cómo funciona una proteína, primeramente, es esencial primero comprender la dinámica de las moléculas del solvente que la rodean, y cómo este afecta a la dinámica de la proteína. El número de estudios relacionados con la dinámica de las proteínas es numeroso, sin embargo, existe una gran discusión en la literatura, ya que hasta la fecha no está claro si las fluctuaciones del solvente (principalmente agua) gobiernan la dinámica de las proteínas, o si tanto la proteína y la dinámica del agua se están afectando mutuamente. Muchos trabajos experimentales y computacionales han demostrado que por debajo de la temperatura de transición vítrea (Tg), los movimientos de la proteína siguen la misma dependencia con la temperatura que las moléculas de agua que la rodean, aunque 103 - 106 veces más lentos con respecto al agua. De acuerdo con estos resultados, se puede definir un acoplamiento entre la dinámica de la proteína y la dinámica del disolvente, describiendo el movimiento de las proteínas como “esclavizado’’ al movimiento del disolvente que las rodea. El principal problema de los estudios que tratan la dinámica de las proteínas en soluciones acuosas viene dado por el grado de solubilidad de estas macromoléculas. Su escasa capacidad para disolverse en el medio solvente hace que para adquirir una adecuada solución proteica sea necesaria una gran cantidad de agua, la cual cristaliza a bajas temperaturas, enmascarando la señal dieléctrica de la propia proteína y dificultando el estudio dinámico. Es por ello que para evitar esta cristalización, la mayoría de los estudios se llevan a cabo con proteínas muy poco hidratadas (lo que se conoce como polvos hidratados) en lugar de soluciones proteicas diluidas. Sin embargo, los estudios dinámicos de polvos hidratados no representan casos realistas, y por lo tanto, no suponen un medio para el estudio y entendimiento adecuado sobre su funcionalidad. Con el fin de resolver este problema, nosotros proponemos estudiar péptidos en lugar de grandes macromoléculas como son las proteínas, ya que estos comparten muchas propiedades con las proteínas pero con la ventaja de que su solubilidad es mayor. Entre los 20 aminoácidos que forman parte de las proteínas, la lisina es el más soluble, y al disolverlo en agua las soluciones no muestran cristalización hasta altos grados de hidratación. Por ello, este amino acido fue elegido como el componente básico de los péptidos analizados en este trabajo.

[EN]: Proteins are the main structural and functional polymers in living organisms. They fulfill a wide range of functions due to their structural heterogeneity and therefore describing the functions of proteins is equivalent to describing several biological phenomena. Briefly some proteins constitute the structure of tissues, while others catalyze the metabolic reactions and carry vitamins, minerals, oxygen and fuels. Proteins are synthesized as a sequence of amino acids joined linearly and they adopt a complex three-dimensional structure when performing their biological functions. Nevertheless, the “working protein” consists not only of the folded chain of amino acids; they are surrounded by a hydration shell and embedded in a bulk solvent. The hydration shell of a protein is very important for the conformation, the three-dimensional structure and for the functionality. In fact, proteins lack biological activity in absence of sufficient hydration water. In part, the necessity of the surrounding solvent to carry the functions has been explained by the plasticizing effect on proteins, which leads to the increase in flexibility of the protein backbone, and therefore it can acquire its ultimate and biologically active structure. Therefore, to properly understand how a protein works, it is essential to first clear up the dynamics of the solvent molecules surrounding protein, mainly water, and how this water affects the dynamics of the latter. The number of studies related with hydrated proteins is numerous but despite of this, the role of water is not clear enough. Water fluctuations could “slave” the protein dynamics or the water could facilitate the protein dynamics. Many experimental and computational studies have demonstrated that, above the glass transition temperature, the protein motions follow the same temperature dependence as the surrounding water molecules being the fluctuations of the protein about 103 - 106 times slower than that of water. According to this, a coupling between the protein and the solvent dynamics is observed, describing the motion of proteins as being “slaved” to that of the solvents surrounding the protein molecules. The major problem of the dynamical studies on proteins is related to the low solubility degree of these macromolecules. Due to this, to obtain a proper protein solution, a large quantity of water is necessary which crystallizes on cooling, masking the dielectric signal of the protein itself and hindering the dynamic study. Therefore, most studies are carried out on hydrated powders instead of well-diluted solutions which represent more realistic cases. In this thesis, we try to overcome this problem by studying small peptides since they share many properties with proteins but they also have higher solubility. Among the 20 amino acids in animal proteins, lysine is the most soluble one and, in aqueous solutions does not crystallize up to high water contents. Therefore, lysine was chosen as the basic component of the peptides analyzed in this work.

Agradecer el apoyo financiero obtenido por la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV / EHU) para el cumplimiento del programa de doctorado.

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Keywords

liquids, estructura molecular, líquidos, molecular structure

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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