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Historia de la Amazonía: contribución de la paleoecología al debate de ocupación precolombina y sus efectos en el ecosistema

Authors: Montoya, Encarnación;

Historia de la Amazonía: contribución de la paleoecología al debate de ocupación precolombina y sus efectos en el ecosistema

Abstract

La cuenca Amazónica representa a día de hoy, uno de los últimos pulmones verdes del planeta. La región ha sido y continúa hoy siendo objeto de numerosos estudios dirigidos a mejorar el entendimiento de las dinámicas que gobiernan una región marcada por la diversidad. Desde un punto de vista socio-ecológico, muchas han sido las hipótesis propuestas acerca de las poblaciones humanas anteriores a la invasión europea, y de sus efectos en la diversidad biológica. Así, existen numerosos debates en la comunidad científica, siendo algunos: i) la extensión y densidad de las poblaciones nativas (ej: desde grupos unifamiliares nómadas a urbes masivas con sobrepoblación), ii) la contribución de estas poblaciones a la diversidad (ej: siendo la diversidad actual un producto humano o un relicto de especies supervivientes al hombre), y iii) el impacto ocasionado en las comunidades vegetales (ej: hipótesis de parque natural manufacturado vs. paisaje prístino). El presente trabajo aborda la historia de algunas de estas hipótesis resultado de disciplinas como la arqueología, sociología, ecología y biogeografía. Específicamente, ahonda en cómo la paleoecología ha contribuido a apoyar o refutar algunas de estas hipótesis de forma empírica y holística. Finalmente se proponen posibles direcciones futuras para esta investigación multidisciplinar.

The Amazon basin is considered nowadays amongst the lasts “green lungs” on Earth. This region has been subjected to a variety of studies aimed to improve the understanding of the ecological dynamics that govern such a diverse location. From a socio-ecological point of view, several hypotheses have been proposed about pre-Columbian human populations and their effects on biodiversity. Thus, some of these debates deal with: i) The extent and density of inhabitants (i.e., from nomadic single-family groups to over populated cities), ii) Human population contribution to diversity (e.g., is current diversity human-driven or a relic of surviving species), and iii) The impact occurred on plant communities (including hypotheses ranging from natural parklands to pristine landscapes). This work presents the history of some of these hypotheses resulting from disciplines such as archaeology, sociology, ecology and biogeography. Specifically, I will try to highlight how palaeoecology has contributed to support or reject some of these thoughts from a holistic and empirical approach. In addition, some future directions for multidisciplinary research are proposed.

Este trabajo ha sido desarrollado dentro del proyecto Beatriu de Pinós - Marie Curie COFUND (ref. 2014-BP-B-00094) otorgado a E. Montoya y Valentí Rull, y cofinanciado por la Secretaría de Universidades e Investigación del Departamento de Economía y Conocimiento de la Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR) y el programa COFUND de las acciones Marie Curie del séptimo programa marco de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico de la Unión Europea.

Peer reviewed

Keywords

sedimentary archives, long-term ecology, vegetation dynamics, Land use, land use, Long-term ecology, Indigenous, plant diversity

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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Italian National Biodiversity Future Center