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Doctoral thesis . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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Estudio estructural y funcional de un inhibidor proteínico monodominio de doble faz, sermetstatina, en complejo con dos peptidasas de diferente clase, subtilisina y esnapalisina

Authors: Trillo Muyo, Sergio;

Estudio estructural y funcional de un inhibidor proteínico monodominio de doble faz, sermetstatina, en complejo con dos peptidasas de diferente clase, subtilisina y esnapalisina

Abstract

Los inhibidores de peptidasas representan un mecanismo fisiológico para la regulación de las enzimas proteolíticas. Mientras que mayoría de los inhibidores monodominio tienen un único sitio reactivo mediante el cual interaccionan con sus peptidasas dianas de un tipo catalítico específico, algunos de ellos inhiben dos moléculas de peptidasa simultáneamente, dando lugar a la formación de complejos ternarios. Para estudiar este tipo de inhibidores se analizó la función de uno de ellos, sermetstatina. Este inhibidor forma un dímero que une fuertemente serín peptidasas y metalopeptidasas. La estructura del dímero de inhibidor fue determinada revelando que sermetstatina presenta una conformación en α/β-sándwich alargado constituido por cinco hebras β antiparalelas conectadas entre sí (β3-β2-β1-β4-β5; conectividad -1, -1, +3, +1) que dan lugar a una hoja β girada ∼30o, en cuya cara cóncava se acomodan dos hélices α (α1 y α2) y una hélice 310. Además, las estructuras de los complejos heterotetraméricos de sermetstatina con la serín peptidasa subtilisina y la metalopeptidasa esnapalisina fueron también determinadas, mostrando que la inhibición ocurre a través de lazos reactivos distales independientes. La interacción entre subtilisina y sermetstatina se produce mediante el lazo reactivo 2, posicionado adecuadamente por su hélice de anclaje, y la hendidura del centro activo de la enzima. El lazo se inserta a modo de cuña mimetizando un substrato en conformación extendida y canónica en la hendidura del centro activo de la enzima, siguiendo el mecanismo estándar de inhibición. Por otro lado, la interacción entre esnapalisina y sermetstatina se produce mediante el extremo N-terminal, el lazo reactivo 1, la hélice α1 y la región Lβ4β5 del inhibidor; y la hendidura del centro activo de la enzima y exositios presentes en la superficie de la proteasa. Este modo de inhibición sigue un mecanismo novedoso en inhibidores de metalopeptidasas, siendo este una reminiscencia distante del modo inhibitorio de los TIMPs en su unión con MMPs así como del modo inhibitorio del inhibidor de serralisina sobre la metalopeptidasa serralisina. Estas estructuras y el modelo del complejo heterohexamérico proporcionan por primera vez una visión detallada del mecanismo molecular de la inhibición simultánea de peptidasas pertenecientes a dos clases mecanísticamente diferentes por un inhibidor monodominio. En resumen, en el presente trabajo se ha determinado que sermetstatina es un inhibidor de doble faz genuino monodominio que ha evolucionado a partir de inhibidores de serín peptidasas de la familia MEROPS I16 con un único sitio reactivo que siguen el mecanismo estándar de inhibición. Dicha evolución ha dado lugar a una proteína bifuncional capaz de inhibir simultáneamente diferentes serín peptidasas y una metalopeptidasa específica a través de dos sitios reactivos distales compatibles.

Protein inhibitors provide a physiological mechanism for the regulation of proteolytic enzymes. While most single-domain inhibitors have one reactive site with which they target peptidases of a specific catalytic class, selected specimens inhibit two peptidase molecules simultaneously, thus giving rise to ternary complexes. To study such inhibition, the function of one of these proteins, sermetstatin, was analyzed. This inhibitor strongly binds as a dimer to serine peptidases and a metallopeptidase. The structure of the isolated inhibitor dimer was determined revealing that sermetstatin is an elongated α/β-sandwich. It consists of a five-stranded antiparallel β-sheet (β3-β2-β1-β4-β5; connectivity -1,-1,+3,+1) twisted by ∼30o, whose concave face accommodates two α-helices (α1 and α2) and a 310-helix. In addition, the structures of the heterotetrameric complexes with the serine peptidase subtilisin and the metallopeptidase snapalysin were equally determined, showing that inhibition occurs through two independent distal reactive sites. The subtilisin-sermetstatin interaction is made by reactive-site loop 2, adequately positioned by its scaffold helix, and the active-site cleft of the enzyme. The loop is inserted wedge-like mimicking a substrate in extended, “canonical” conformation in the active-site cleft of the enzyme following the “standard mechanism”. On the other hand, the snapalysin-sermetstatin interaction involves the N-terminal tail, reactive site loop 1, helix α1 and Lβ4β5 of the inhibitor; and the active-site cleft of the enzyme and some exosites on the protease surface. This inhibition modus follows a novel mechanism for metallopeptidase inhibitors only distantly reminiscent of the inhibitory mode of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases on their target matrix metalloproteinases and of serralysin inhibitors on their cognate serralysin MPs. These structures and the derived model for the heterohexameric complex provide for the first time a detailed view of the molecular mechanism of simultaneous inhibition of proteinases belonging to two distinct mechanistic classes by a single-domain protein. In summary, it was determined that sermetstatin is a genuine Janus-faced single-domain inhibitor which has evolved from single-site standard-mechanism serine peptidase inhibitors of family I16 to give a protein capable of simultaneous inhibition of serine peptidase in general and a specific metallopeptidase through distinct but compatible sites.

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Spain
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Keywords

Metzinquina Subtilisina, Ciències Socials, Inhibidor de peptidasas, 577, Janus.-Faced

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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