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The magnifying glass of genetics when assessing the diversity and host-specificity of mites of endemic lizards from Socotra Island

Authors: Maia, Joao P. M. C.; Makol, Joanna; Fajfer, Monika; Vasconcelos, Raquel;

The magnifying glass of genetics when assessing the diversity and host-specificity of mites of endemic lizards from Socotra Island

Abstract

[PT] Os ácaros ectoparasitas são um grupo diverso de organismos e são regularmente observados agarrados a animais selvagens no campo. Os ácaros associados a mamíferos e aves têm sido intensamente estudados, enquanto que o estudo das associação parasita-hospedeiro entre ácaros e répteis é limitado, em parte devido às dificuldades na identificação e preparação destes ácaros minúsculos. Existem pelo menos duas razões que justificam a necessidade de efectuar uma investigação mais detalhada sobre a fauna de ectoparasitas e associações parasita-hospedeiro: i) estudos demonstram que os ácaros frequentemente evidenciam um elevado nível de congruência filogenética entre parasita-hospedeiro e por isso podem apresentar padrões importantes para a compreensão da biogeografia do hospedeiro; e ii) são frequentemente vectores de doenças infecciosas. Extraímos ADN de um total de 167 ácaros encontrados adjuntos a 65 indivíduos de quatro géneros e 11 espécies de lagarto de Socotra (Iémen) e também realizámos análises morfológicas para ajudar na identificação destes ácaros. Com base nos caracteres morfológicos, estes ácaros representam a família Pterygosomatidae (58/167) e duas subfamílias de Trombiculidae (109/167). Destes, 59 foram sequenciados com sucesso, usando primers para o gene Citocromo Oxidase I (COI) de invertebrados, e realizadas análises filogenéticas juntamente com dados do GenBank. As novas sequências obtidas neste estudo formam grupos monofiléticos bem suportados, diferentes das sequências publicadas. As análises filogenéticas demonstraram, em geral, uma congruência com a taxonomia do hospedeiro, com as duas subfamílias de trombiculídeos (Leeuwenhoekiinae and Trombiculinae) sendo obtidas maioritariamente de géneros de hospedeiros diferentes. A subfamília Leeuwenhoekiinae foi obtida apenas em hospedeiros do género Pristurus (Sphaerodactylidae), sendo a maioria de P. sokotranus, uma sequência de P. obsti e outra de P. insignis. Analogamente, a subfamília Trombiculidae for obtida em hospedeiro dos géneros Haemodracon (Phyllodactylidae) e Hemidactylus (Gekkonidae). A rede de haplótipos mostrou a existência de 11 linhagens. Estas linhagens diferiam em mais de 5% para o gene COI e tinham um máximo de 2% de divergência genética dentro da mesma linhagem. Surpreendentemente, uma linhagem é composta por sequências de ácaros que morfologicamente foram identificados como pertencentes a famílias de ácaros distintas, Pterygosomatidae e Trombiculidae. Estes resultados demonstram a importância de investigar a diversidade de ectoparasitas usando métodos moleculares para ajudar a clarificar a taxonomia e a necessidade de usar múltiplos marcadores moleculares para resolver as incongruências taxonómicas que ocorrem ao se basear apenas em características morfológicas.

[EN] Ectoparasitic mites, being a diverse group of arachnids, are commonly observed attached to vertebrate hosts in the field. The mammal and bird-associated mites have been intensely studied, whereas the knowledge of host-parasite associations between mites and reptiles is scarce, partly due to difficulties in collecting, identification and sample preparation of these tiny arthropods. There are at least two reasons to justify the necessity of detailed research into ectoparasite fauna and host-parasite associations: i) comprehensive investigations of mites often show a high level of phylogenetic congruence between host and parasite, thus providing a valuable insight into host biogeography; and ii) ectoparasites are vectors of many infectious diseases. We extracted DNA from a total of 167 mites attached to 65 lizards of four genera and 11 species inhabiting Socotra Island (Yemen) and also conducted morphological analyses of mites to aid in identification. Based on morphological ID, the examined mites represent Pterygosomatidae (58/167) and two subfamilies of Trombiculidae (109/167). We successfully sequenced 59 mite individuals, using primers targeting the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene region of invertebrates, and performed phylogenetic analyses together with data available from GenBank. The resulting sequences formed well-supported monophyletic groups, distinct from those composed of published sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a general congruence with host taxonomy, with two trombiculid subfamilies (Leeuwenhoekiinae and Trombiculinae) retrieved primarily from distinct host genera. The subfamily Leeuwenhoekiinae was retrieved only from host of Pristurus genus (Sphaerodactylidae), with the majority from P. sokotranus, one sequence from P. obsti and another from P. insignis. Analogously, the subfamily Trombiculinae was retrieved from host of Haemodracon (Phyllodactylidae) and Hemidactylus (Gekkonidae) genera. Network analysis of new sequences showed the existence of 11 lineages. The lineages differed by more than 5% for COI and had a maximum of 2% intra-lineage genetic divergence. Surprisingly, one lineage was composed of sequences from mites that were identified based on morphological characteristics as belonging to distinct mite families, Pterygosomatidae and Trombiculidae. Our results point to the importance of investigating the diversity of ectoparasites using molecular tools to clarify their taxonomy, and the need to use multiple molecular markers to solve taxonomic incongruences when relying only on morphological characteristics.

Trabajo presentado en el XIV Congreso Luso-Español de Herpetología (CLEH2016), XVIII Congreso Español de Herpetología (Challenges of Herpetology in the XXI century), celebrado en Lleida del 5 al 8 de octubre de 2016.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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