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Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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Worldwide distribution of non–native Amazon parrots and temporal trends of their global trade

Authors: Mori, Emiliano; Menchetti, Mattia; Tella, José Luis; Jackson, H. A.; Reino, Luis; Kleunen, André van; Figueira, R.; +1 Authors

Worldwide distribution of non–native Amazon parrots and temporal trends of their global trade

Abstract

[ES] Distribución en el mundo de los loros introducidos del género Amazona y tendencias temporales de su comercio a escala mundial.— Las especies exóticas son la segunda causa de la crisis de biodiversidad mundial, precedida por la pérdida y la fragmentación del hábitat. Algunas especies populares como mascotas, como los loros y las cotorras (Aves, Psittaciformes) suelen introducirse fuera de su área de distribución nativa a consecuencia del comercio de animales de compañía. Si escapan de su cautiverio, algunas de estas espe cies, como la cotorra de Kramer y la cotorra argentina, son sumamente invasivas y compiten con las especies autóctonas. Las poblaciones de loros del género Amazona pueden encontrarse en todo el mundo, pero los datos relativos a su estado, distribución y efectos son incompletos. Recopilamos y examinamos la información disponible relativa a la ecología, abundancia, distribución y comercio en el mundo de los loros del género Amazona fuera de su área de distribución nativa. Nuestro examen revela que al menos nueve especies de loros de este género han establecido poblaciones fuera de su área de distribución original en todo el mundo (en Europa, Sudáfrica, las islas del Caribe, Hawaii y América del Norte y del Sur). Su comportamiento esquivo y el reducido tamaño de la población sugieren que se ha infravalorado el número de núcleos introducidos o que no se han detectado todos. Pese a las prohibiciones impuestas al comercio internacional, parece que el gran volumen de loros Amazona capturados en libertad que se ha comerciado en los últimos decenios ha contribuido al establecimiento de poblaciones foráneas en todo el mundo. Parece que éxito del establecimiento varía en función de la zona geográfica. Mientras que las poblaciones europeas siguen siendo de pequeño tamaño y de crecimiento lento, las de los Estados Unidos son numerosas y están en expansión. Esta difer encia no guarda relación con una elevada presión del propágulo (comercio), pero sí lo haga posiblemente con una mejor correspondencia de nichos entre las áreas de distribución originales y las de introducción. Amazona aestiva es la especie del género que se observa con mayor frecuencia y hasta la fecha se han no tificado al menos ocho poblaciones foráneas. Todas estas poblaciones, salvo aquellas que se encuentran en zonas de los Estados Unidos donde el clima les es más propicio, están formadas por unos pocos individuos, a pesar de que lleven establecidas un largo período de tiempo. Es necesario seguir estudiando debido a la escasa información disponible sobre la ecología de estas especies exóticas y sus posibles repercusiones

Worldwide distribution of non–native Amazon parrots and temporal trends of their global trade.— Alien species are the second leading cause of the global biodiversity crisis, after habitat loss and fragmentation. Popular pet species, such as parrots and parakeets (Aves, Psittaciformes), are often introduced outside their native range as a result of the pet trade. On escape from captivity, some such species, such as the ring–necked parakeet and the monk parakeet, are highly invasive and successfully compete with native species. Popula tions of Amazon parrots (Amazona spp.) can be found throughout the world, but data on their status, distribu tion and impact are incomplete. We gathered and reviewed the available information concerning global trade, distribution, abundance and ecology of Amazon parrots outside their native range. Our review shows that at least nine species of Amazon parrots have established populations outside their original range of occurrence throughout the world (in Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean islands, Hawaii, and North and South America). Their elusive behaviour and small population size suggest that the number of alien nuclei could be underes timated or at undetected. Despite international trade bans, the large trade of wild–caught Amazon parrots in past decades appears to have contributed to the establishment of alien populations worldwide. Establishment success seems to differ geographically. While European populations are still small and growing slowly, USA populations are large and expanding geographically. This difference is not related to large propagule pressure (trade) but possibly to a better niche match between native and introduced ranges. Amazona aestiva is the most frequently encountered Amazona parrot, with at least eight alien populations reported to date. All these populations, with the exception of those in the USA where the climate is more suitable for their establishment, are composed of a low number of individuals even though they have been established for a long period of time. Further research is required as little information is available on the ecology and potential impact of these alien populations.

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Spain
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Keywords

Establishment success, Amazona, Impacts, Alien species, Distribution range assessment

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
views
OpenAIRE UsageCountsViews provided by UsageCounts
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Italian National Biodiversity Future Center