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DIGITAL.CSIC
Doctoral thesis . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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https://doi.org/10.5821/disser...
Doctoral thesis . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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Influència de les comunitats bentòniques sobre el sediment al litoral del delta de l'ebre

Authors: Soriano Zaragoza, Sergi;

Influència de les comunitats bentòniques sobre el sediment al litoral del delta de l'ebre

Abstract

La interacció dels organismes bentònics amb el sediment es relaciona, bàsicament, amb els processos de bioturbació i els de rugositat de fons. Els principals factors implicats en la mobilització de sediment a la plataforma interna són els corrents i l'onatge, però els organismes bentònics tenen un paper modulador destacat, ja que generen els majors impactes sobre les propietats geotècniques del sediment, controlen les taxes de bioturbació i són la principal font de generació de relleu en fons plans. El principal objectiu principal de la tesi és estudiar les interaccions entre els organismes bentònics i el sediment a la plataforma interna, focalitzant l'estudi en els processos de bioturbació i rugositat de fons associada a les comunitats bentòniques i les seves implicacions en la dinàmica sedimentària. <br/><br/>Amb aquest finalitat s'han estudiat dues zones al Delta de l'Ebre (9 i 18 metres de fondària) i s'han realitzat 7 campanyes entre novembre 2001 i setembre 2002. Les condicions hidrodinàmiques s'han monitoritzat i l'anàlisi textural i geoquímic del sediment s'ha realitzat. Les comunitats i les seves abundàncies han segut mostrejades a diverses escales de mida d'organismes, amb dragues (macrofauna) i amb rastellers comercials (megafauna). A més, s'ha analitzat la distribució i abundància dels diversos taxons al perfil sedimentari. Finalment, s'ha enregistrat mitjançant tècniques audiovisuals l'activitat dels organismes i la micromorfologia superficial 9 m.<br/><br/>La mida de gra mitjana presenta variacions temporals i en la vertical (de mitjana 110 µm a 9 m i 33 µm a 18 m), les quals estan influïdes, a més de les condicions hidrodinàmiques, per les tanatocenosis de mol·luscs i l'abundància i activitat bioturbadora de les comunitats. L'onatge controla a grans trets la distribució de les tres poblacions de mida de gra al perfil sedimentari i la mida de gra mitjana. A més, tanatocenosis de mol·luscs, amb mides superiors a 2 mm, es detecten a partir dels 6 cm de fondària al perfil. Les dues zones presenten una composició faunística diferent, però totes dues estan controlades per pocs taxons. Les comunitats presenten les màximes abundàncies a la primavera per a la macrofauna de les dues zones i per a la megafauna a 9 m. Els components biogènics representen un part significativa del sediment superficial a la zona litoral del delta de l'Ebre (entre 10 i 20 m, 1,1·106 m3) i, per tant, la contribució biogènica pot resultar un factor determinant per establir el balanç sedimentari a mitjà-llarg termini a la zona litoral del Delta de l'Ebre.<br/><br/>Les activitats bioturbadores estan condicionades pels taxons més abundants (O. texturata, S. subtruncata, P. microtuberculatus i B. brandaris) i presenten les màximes activitats bioturbadores entre la primavera i la tardor a les dues zones. O. texturata és el principal responsable de la modificació de la micromorfologia superficial del fons. Per altra banda, l'abundància dels organismes i la taxa de bioturbació decreix al perfil vertical. Tenint en compte aquest aspecte, s'ha proposat un model hiperbòlic com a eina per poder quantificar més acuradament l'impacte de les comunitats sobre l'estructura del sediment. L'activitat bioturbadora és significativa fins els 6 primers centímetres. <br/><br/>Els components de la rugositat de fons estudiats, rugositat biòtica (Kbio) i associada a ripples (Krip), són d'una magnitud semblant a la zona d'estudi. La Kbio està basada en els individus de O. texturata i en fragments de mol·luscs. Finalment, l'anàlisi de sensibilitat realitzat per testar l'efecte de la Kbio sobre la dissipació de l'onatge indica que l'increment de la Kbio origina una disminució de l'altura d'ona per fricció. Aquest resultat assenyala la influència que les comunitats bentòniques poden tenir sobre les condicions que faciliten la resuspensió i transport de sediment. Benthic organisms' interactions with sediment are basically related with processes of bioturbation and bottom roughness. The main factors involved in sediment mobility in the inner shelf are currents and waves, but organism have a modulator role because they impact over sediment geotechnical properties, they control bioturbation rates and because they are the most important source of roughness generation in flat bottoms. The aim of this paper is to study the interactions among benthic organisms and sediment in the inner shelf, focusing it in bioturbation processes and biological bottom roughness, and consequences for the sedimentary dynamics.<br/><br/>Two areas in the Ebro Delta inner shelf have been studied (9 and 18 m depth) and 7 surveys, from November 2001 to September 2002, have been performed. Hydrodynamic conditions have been monitored. Sediment has been sampled and textural and geochemical analyses have been performed. Communities have been sampled at different scale sizes of organisms, with dredges (macrofauna) and with commercial beam trawl -rasteller- (megafauna). Moreover, taxa distribution and abundance through sedimentary profile have been analyzed. Finally, organisms' activity and superficial morphology at 9 m depth have been recorded with audiovisual techniques.<br/><br/>Average sediment grain size show temporal and vertical variations (on average 110 µm at 9 m and 33 µm at 18 m depth), which are influenced by hydrodynamic conditions as well as molluscs' tanatocenosis and community's abundance and bioturbatory activity. Waves roughly control the distribution through sediment profile of the three grain size populations detected and the average sediment grain size. In addition to this, molluscs' tanatocenosis, with sizes bigger than 2 mm, are detected from 6 cm to depth. Both areas show a different faunistic composition, but, on the other hand, they are basically controlled by few taxa. Communities display the highest abundances in spring for the macrofauna in both areas and for the megafauna at 9 m station. Biogenic components constitute a significant part of the superficial sediment in the littoral area of the Ebro delta (between 10 and 20 m, 1,1·106 m3) and, in this sense, the biogenic contribution could be a determining factor to establish the sedimentary budget in a medium-long term in the littoral area of the Ebro delta.<br/><br/><br/>Bioturbatory activities are conditioned by the most abundant taxa (O. texturata, S. subtruncata, P. microtuberculatus and B. brandaris) and the maximum are displayed between spring and autumn in both areas. O. texturata is the main responsible of changes in the superficial micromorphology of the bottom. On the other hand, organisms' abundance and bioturbation rate decreases with depth. Taking into account this issue, it has been suggested a hyperbolic model as a tool for quantifying more accurately the impact of organisms over the sediment structure. Bioturbatory activity is significant for the upper 6 cm.<br/><br/>Studied Bottom roughness components, biotic roughness (Kbio) and ripple roughness (Krip), show similar magnitudes in the studied area. Kbio is based on O. texturata individuals and molluscs pieces. Finally, a sensibility analysis used to test the Kbio effect over waves dissipation indicates that a Kbio increase makes a wave height decrease by friction. This result emphasizes the influence that benthic communities could have over conditions that facilitate resuspension and sediment transport.

Country
Spain
Keywords

delta de l'ebre, l' (Catalunya : Delta) -- Tesis, 550, bentos, rugositat biòtica, distribució organismes, litoral, rugositat de fons, sedimentologia, 55, 574, :Enginyeria civil [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Oceanografia -- Delta de l'Ebre, perturbació biòtica, geologia litoral, Sedimentació -- Ebre, 504, bioturbació, 627, Delta) -- Tesis [Sedimentació -- Ebre, l' (Catalunya], Sedimentació -- Ebre, l' (Catalunya : Delta) -- Tesis, oceanografia, Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil

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