Managing agricultural floodplains to meet present and future human requirements without jeopardizing biodiversity conservation is a challenge for land use planners and ecologists. This paper aims to disentangle the relationships between ecosystem services and biodiversity in multifunctional landscapes, such as floodplain agroecosystems, by disaggregating their values across land use types. We measured eight ecosystem services (gas regulation, soil formation, nutrient regulation, habitat provision, food provision, raw materials production, education, and recreation) and six plant diversity indexes (richness, abundance, and true diversity for both plant species and growth forms) in seven land use types identified in the floodplain of the River Piedra (Spain). We observed that all land use types provided services to some extent, but each one was better at providing certain services. Natural or semi-natural habitats provided more services and hosted greater diversity than cultivated land use types. In addition, five diversity indexes were strongly correlated to at least three ecosystem services each one. Habitat provision and education were the ecosystem services positively correlating to most diversity indexes, whereas food provision was negatively correlated to all diversity indexes. Moreover, analyzing the interactions between ecosystem services and biodiversity across land use types, we observed that land use type was the controlling factor regarding the sign and significance of the interaction. The results of this study suggest that, in floodplains agroecosystems, a mosaic landscape of different land use types helps support ecosystem services and contributes to maintaining biodiversity while using local resources. Such land use policies might manage agricultural floodplains at the landscape scale while still being able to accommodate specific measures for each land use type. Moreover, riparian forests should be preserved and restored across the floodplain as they are hot spots for biodiversity and ecosystem services provision. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Thanks to technicians and students of Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología – CSIC for assisting us in field and lab work: A. Barcos, A. Massip, A. Mellado, B. Albero, C. Pastor, E. Lahoz, F.A. Araujo, P. Errea, M. Maestro, M. García, P. Sánchez, R. Sorando and V. Lafuente. Thanks also to Dr. G. Monserrat for support in plant identification and to A. de Frutos for statistics help and valuable comments on early drafts of the manuscript. We also thank one anonymous reviewer for constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This work was supported by DGA – Dpt. Industria e Innovación (Research Group E61). MFL was granted by the CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) under the JAE-predoc program (Grant number JAE-Pre-2010-044), co-financed by the European Social Fund.

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