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La hipótesis infecciosa de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas: Enfermedad de Parkinson y enfermedad de Alzheimer

Authors: Broco Villahoz, Nuria;

La hipótesis infecciosa de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas: Enfermedad de Parkinson y enfermedad de Alzheimer

Abstract

En la última década, se han realizado numerosos estudios que apoyan el papel de distintas infecciones en la etiopatogénesis de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Dada la enorme bibliografía existente al respecto, imposible de abarcar de manera rigurosa con la limitación temporal existente, para esta revisión sistemática nos hemos centrado en las enfermedades infecciosas virales y bacterianas como causa etiológica de las enfermedades de Alzheimer y de Parkinson. Para ello, se ha analizado pormenorizadamente las evidencias existentes desde el año 2010 hasta el año 2020 en PubMed y Scopus. Una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron cuatro artículos exclusivamente sobre la enfermedad de Parkinson, cinco sobre la enfermedad de Alzheimer, uno sobre la patogénesis de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas y dos que tratan el papel de las infecciones y la neuroinflamación en ambas enfermedades. Todos estos estudios fueron realizados en humanos, y como comentaremos, varios de ellos recogen también posibles enfoques terapéuticos. A pesar de que existen estudios en los que no se observa una relación infección – neurodegeneración, una amplia bibliografía considera la infección y desregulación del sistema inmune como un factor clave en la etiopatogénesis de la EA y EP. Por tanto, nuestros hallazgos apoyan la hipótesis infecciosa del desarrollo de ciertos tipos de enfermedad de Alzheimer y de Parkinson, constituyendo la infección un factor de riesgo importante para su desarrollo tanto directa - debido a la neuroinflamación inducida por bacterias, hongos y virus – como indirectamente - mediante la respuesta inmune periférica asociada-. Sin embargo, se precisa una mayor investigación para detectar en qué pacientes existe mayor riesgo de que se de esta relación causal infección-neurodegeneración y para establecer modos de prevenirla, evitando con ello el indeseado desenlace.

During the last decade, different researchers have carried out numerous studies that support infections play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the extensive bibliography published in this respect, impossible to fully cover in detail regarding the time limits, in order to write this systemic review, we focused on viral and bacterial infections as etiological causes of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. To this end, we closely analyzed the existing evidence from 2010 to 2020 in PubMed and Scopus. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed four articles about Parkinson’s disease, five about Alzheimer’s disease, one that refers to neurodegenerative diseases’ pathogenesis and two concerning the role of infections and neurodegeneration in both diseases. All of them are human studies. Despite some studies did not find a link between infection and neurodegeneration, a wide biography considers infections and immune dysregulation as a key factor in the EA’s and EP’s etiopathogenesis. Therefore, we support the infectious hypothesis of the development of some types of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, being an infection an important risk factor to develop them both directly – through the neuroinflammation induced by bacteria, fungi and viruses – and indirectly – via the peripheral immune response triggered. However, research is still needed to be able to detect witch patients are in major risk of suffering from this infection-neurodegeneration causal relation and to stablish ways to prevent it, thus avoiding the undesirable outcome.

Treball Final de Grau en Medicina. Codi: MD1158. Curs acadèmic: 2020/2021

Country
Spain
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Keywords

enfermedad de Parkinson, neurodegeneration, enfermedad de Alzheimer, Grado en Medicina, neuroinflamación, infectious diseases, neuroinflammation, Grau en Medicina, Bachelor's Degree in Medicine, Parkinson’s disease, enfermedades infecciosas, neurodegeneración, Alzheimer’s disease

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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