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Critérios para a gestão racional do javali: Sus scrofa Linneaus, 1758, em ecosistemas mediterrânicos

Authors: Santos, António Pedro de Avelar Gonçalves;

Critérios para a gestão racional do javali: Sus scrofa Linneaus, 1758, em ecosistemas mediterrânicos

Abstract

A recente expansão da área de distribuição do javali no território continental, designadamente no Alentejo, veio suscitar novas questões relativas à estrutura e funcionamento das comunidades bióticas. A resposta a algumas destas questões torna-se necessária ao estabelecimento de critérios para a gestão racional da espécie, objectivo último deste trabalho. As tendências populacionais do javali no Alentejo, a sua miscigenação com formas domésticas de Sus scrofa, as suas estratégias de utilização do espaço em sistemas agro-silvo-pastoris e a demografia das suas populações sujeitas a caça constituem a temática da presente dissertação. No decorrer da década de 90 a caça ao javali alargou-se a quase todo o Alentejo, tendo vindo a aumentar o total de exemplares cobrados em áreas submetidas ao chamado regime cinegético especial. No entanto, ao nível concelhio, verificam-se tendências populacionais contrárias: em concelhos mais acidentados, particularmente onde se efectuaram, importantes investimentos no fomento da caça maior, as populações adensaram-se sendo presentemente a espécie muito abundante; pelo contrário, em concelhos onde se procederam a extensos arroteamentos verifica-se actualmente uma clara tendência regressiva. Nas populações de javali agora estudadas, a distribuição de frequências para o número diplóide de cromossomas está de acordo com a aparente redução progressiva, de 38 para 36 cromossomas, verificada no sentido este-oeste ao longo da Eurásia. A raça suína Alentejana, criada em sistemas extensivos e há muito em simpatria com populações silvestres, revelou-se monomórfica possuindo uma guarnição de 38 cromossomas. A cariotipagem constitui assim um poderoso meio para a diagnose de hibridismo ao nível populacional. Por outro lado, os estudos efectuados no campo da genética molecular revelaram a existência de alelos, designadamente para os loci PGD, RYR1 e MC1R, presentes na raça Alentejana, ainda que com baixa frequência, que não foram detectados no javali; deste modo, a ocorrência de qualquer destes variantes num indivíduo silvestre torna-o fortemente suspeito de ser híbrido. /ABSTRACT: The recent expansion of the wild boar's distribution area in the Portuguese continental territory, namely in the Alentejo region, raised new questions concerning the structure and functioning of the biotic communities. On the answer to some of these questions depends the development of criteria useful to the wise management of this game species, which is the main goal of this work. The wild boar's population trends in Alentejo, its hybridisation with domestic forms of Sus scrofa, its space use strategies in farm land interspersed with forest areas and the demography of its populations in shooting zones are the subjects of the present dissertation. During the last years wild boar shooting became common in almost all Alentejo region and the total hunting bag didn't stop growing since the beginning of the last decade. However, at a municipal level, opposite populations trends can be noticed: in more hilly municipalities, namely where important investments were made in favour of big game, the wild boar has become very abundant; in municipalities where extensive bush clearing took place recently the populations are declining. In the studied wild boar populations the frequency distribution of the diploid chromosome number is in agreement to an apparent pattern of reduction, from 38 to 36 chromosomes, along Eurasia in east-west direction. The local pig breed, raised in the open and sympatric with the wild boar for thousands of years, seems to be invariant with 2n = 38. Thus karyotyping appears to be a powerful tool for the detection of hybridisation at population level. On the other hand, our molecular genetic studies results revelled the existence of alleles, namely for the loci PGD, RYR1 and MC1R, which are present in the mentioned pig breed, though in low frequency, but were not detected in the wild boar; this fact makes any wild Sus scrofa carrying those alleles strongly suspect of been hybrid.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Gestão racional do javali, Sus scrofa Linneaus, Javali, Ecossistemas mediterrânicos, Ecosistema

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BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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