Antibiotic resistance is caused by heavy use of antibiotics in humans, animals, and plants all over the world over the last 80 years or so. If we want to deal with the problem of antibiotic resistance, we need to work together on how we use antibiotics in humans and animals and on understanding the links between antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, and the environment. The idea of “One Health” is now widely used worldwide to support working together across human and animal health and the environment. This report and Ireland’s plan to control antibiotic resistance, called iNAP2, are built around the idea of “One Health”. Most experts agree that we can use less antibiotics and use them more wisely and still get most or all of the very important benefits for human and animal health. They also agree that if we do this it will help to slow down or stop the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. Preventing or slowing the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms between people, animals and environment is also important because rapid spread increases the problem. Reporting on how we use antibiotics in Ireland and on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Ireland is needed so that we can track the progress we are making. Some years ago, the first One Health report of antimicrobial resistance provided information on 2016. This report gives information for 2017 and 2018. Reports for 2019-2023 will follow to bring the reports up to date. The use of antibiotics in Ireland is carefully controlled. A business must have a license to place an antibiotic on the market. A person must have a prescription to get an antibiotic for human or animal use. Information on antibiotic use in humans is obtained by the HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC). HPSC also collects information on antibiotic resistance from clinical laboratories. Other information is provided by HSE Reference Laboratories. Information on antibiotic use in animals is collected by the Health Products Regulatory Authority. Information on antibiotic-resistance in animals is provided by the laboratories of the Department of Agriculture Food and Marine (DAFM). Other information is provided by laboratories in the Irish Equine Centre and of the Veterinary Hospital at University College Dublin (UCD). Overall, this information related to people and animals is prepared in ways that help to compare information from Ireland with information from other EU countries. There are a number of major EU reports that deal with antibiotic use in all members of the EU and EEA.