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Internal devaluation and the Portuguese debt-to-GDP ratio

Authors: Azevedo, Maria Elisabete Vieira;

Internal devaluation and the Portuguese debt-to-GDP ratio

Abstract

Com a adesão ao euro, Portugal beneficiou de taxas de juros muito baixas, resultando num aumento exponencial dos empréstimos contraídos por agentes públicos e privados. Concomitantemente verificou-se o abrandamento do PIB Português e consequente aumento no seu rácio de dívida sobre o PIB, levando o país a uma “bola de neve” de problemas que está a tentar solucionar através de uma desvalorização interna (DI). Portugal enfrenta um problema de excesso de dívida pública (“debt overhang”). O presente estudo avalia se o rácio de dívida sobre o PIB é afetado por uma série de variáveis macroeconómicas, com especial atenção nos “custos unitários do trabalho” (em representação da DI) através de uma amostra anual de 1961-2012, e da aplicação de testes de estacionariedade, seguidos por testes de co-integração e do modelo VECM, de forma a avaliar conjuntamente, relações de curto prazo e de longo prazo. O teste de causalidade de Granger é aplicado às variáveis macroeconómicas estacionárias. Quatro variáveis apresentam relação de longo prazo com a variável dependente, nomeadamente os custos unitários do trabalho, a procura interna, a taxa de câmbio e as exportações. No entanto, os resultados demonstraram a não existência de relação de curto prazo entre as variáveis explicativas e a variável dependente. Testes de causalidade de Granger indicam ainda várias relações causais entre as variáveis estacionárias. Os resultados mostram que a estratégia Internal Devaluation tem um impacto de longo prazo na relação dívida / PIB, no entanto, esta não se verifica no curto prazo, pelo que a convergência é morosa.

With the entering into the euro, Portugal was able to benefit from very low interest rates, which led to a burst of borrowing either from public and private agents. Alongside this, there was the slowing down of the Portuguese PIB and deep increase in its public debtto- GDP ratio, leading the country to a snowball of problems that it is now trying to solve through an Internal Devaluation (henceforth ID). Portugal is now experiencing a public debt overhang problem. This study assesses whether Debt-to-GDP ratio is affected by a number of macroeconomic variables with special attention into unit labor costs (in representation for ID) in an annual sample from 1961-2012, through stationarity tests, followed by Johansen cointegration tests and a VEC Model approach in order to evaluate for both the short run and the long run relations. Granger causality is applied to the stationary macroeconomic variables. Four variables showed to have a long run relationship with the variable of interest, namely unit labor costs, domestic demand, exchange rate and exports. The VECM confirmed that the four variables do indeed present a long run relationship with Debt-to- GDP ratio. However, no short run relationship between the explanatory variables and the dependent variables appears to exist. Additionally, Granger causality tests indicate several causal relationships between the stationary variables. ID does have a long run impact on Debt-to-GDP ratio, but as it is shown, this does not happen in the short run, so convergence does take time as explained throughout this study.

Country
Portugal
Keywords

Portugal, F International economics, Unit labor costs, E Macroeconomics and monetary economics, Custos unitários do trabalho, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Sociais::Economia e Gestão, H63, H Public economics, F34, Debt overhang, Internal devaluation, Desvalorização interna, E62, Excesso de dívida, H50

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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