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Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
Bachelor thesis . 2021
License: CC BY NC ND
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Poliomielitis: ¿en camino de la erradicación?

Poliomyelitis: on the way to eradication?
Authors: Moya Herranz, Sandra;

Poliomielitis: ¿en camino de la erradicación?

Abstract

La poliomielitis es una enfermedad infecciosa producida por diferentes serotipos de Poliovirus, virus RNA pertenecientes al género Enterovirus. La transmisión de la enfermedad se realiza fundamentalmente por vía fecal-oral, siendo el único reservorio el ser humano. Afecta principalmente a niños menores de 5 años, cursando de forma asintomática en el 90% de los casos, pero produciendo en 1 de cada 200 individuos parálisis flácida aguda, a consecuencia de la destrucción de las motoneuronas del asta anterior medular. El tratamiento de la enfermedad es sintomático, siendo lo más importante la prevención de la misma mediante la vacunación. En 1988, alrededor de 350.000 personas resultaron afectadas por la poliomielitis, en un total de 125 países endémicos. En ese mismo año, se creó la Iniciativa Global para la Erradicación de la Poliomielitis, cuyo objetivo y lema principal es “llegar hasta el último niño”, principalmente mediante la inmunización masiva de la población. Desde entonces, la incidencia de la enfermedad se ha reducido un 99,99%, y los únicos países del mundo endémicos en la actualidad son Afghanistán y Pakistán. Sin embargo, debido a las características patogénicas del virus y a las características sociodemográficas, cualquier país puede sufrir reintroducción del virus mientras exista circulación activa en algún lugar del mundo. En el presente artículo, se revisa la situación epidemiológica a nivel mundial, las principales estrategias empleadas, y los desafíos para conseguir la erradicación de la poliomielitis, destacando la posibilidad de aplicar el conocimiento en la prevención de otras enfermedades infecciosas.

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by Poliovirus, a type of RNA virus which belongs to the Enterovirus genus. It is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route and the reservoir is the human being. The most affected people are children under 5 years of age. In 90% of cases, it is usually asymptomatic, but in 1 of every 200 individuals, it produces acute flaccid paralysis, as a consequence of the anterior spinal motor neurons’s destruction. The treatment of the disease is symptomatic, and prevention by immunization is the most relevant aspect. In 1988, around 350.000 people were affected by polio, in 125 endemic countries. In that year, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was created, whose main objective is to reach “every last child”, by mass immunization. Since then, the incidence of the disease has dropped by 99,99%, but polio is still endemic in two countries: Afghanistan y Pakistan. Nevertheless, due to the pathogenic characteristics and to the sociodemographic features, any country could suffer reintroduction of poliovirus, as long as there is active circulation in some region in the world. This article reviews the epidemiological situation and the main strategies developed, as well as the challenges to achieve the eradication of poliomyelitis, highlighting the possibiliy of applying kwnoledge in the prevention of other infectious diseases.

Grado en Medicina

52 p.

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Surveillance, Certification, Epidemiology, Flaccid paralysis, Medicina, Prevention, Poliomielitis, Poliomelitis, Erradicación, Poliovirus, Prevención, Certificación, Vigilancia, Epidemiología, Medicine, Parálisis flácida, Eradication

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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