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Trastorno bipolar en embarazo y lactancia

Authors: Rodado León, Belén; Lahera Forteza, Guillermo; Saiz Ruiz, Jerónimo;

Trastorno bipolar en embarazo y lactancia

Abstract

El trastorno bipolar (TB) es una enfermedad psiquiátrica crónica, caracterizada por fluctuaciones del humor, desde la manía hasta la depresión bipolar. Dado que suele debutar en adultos jóvenes, afecta a mujeres en edad fértil y embarazadas. El TB se asocia con mayor riesgo de efectos adversos en el embarazo, incluyendo aquellos relacionados con la medicación y posibles recaídas de la enfermedad. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es analizar la bibliografía reciente y de calidad sobre el tratamiento farmacológico del TB. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed de artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2017, seleccionando aquellos de mayor calidad siguiendo los criterios de la guía PRISMA. Los psicotrópicos empleados en el TB, que incluyen principalmente litio, algunos antiepilépticos, antipsicóticos, antidepresivos y benzodiacepinas, se han asociado con efectos adversos tales como malformaciones congénitas, anomalías cardiacas, afectación del neurodesarrollo, síndrome de adaptación neonatal, abortos espontáneos y parto pretérmino, entre otros. Las recomendaciones de las Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC) deben interpretarse con cautela, ya que tienen grados variables de evidencia y gran parte de los datos disponibles necesitan mayor investigación en futuros estudios. En conclusión, para manejar el TB durante el embarazo y lactancia, se debe utilizar el fármaco con mejor perfil de seguridad, con la mínima dosis eficaz, y en monoterapia si es posible, y es obligado monitorizar estrechamente la evolución de la mujer y de su hijo. Las GPC proporcionan un apoyo apropiado y necesario, pero siempre se debe individualizar el tratamiento.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric chronic disease, characterized by mood fluctuations, from mania to bipolar depression. Given that it usually debuts in young adults, it affects women in childbearing age and pregnant women. BD is associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes during pregnancy, including those related to medication and possible relapses. The objective of this systematic review is to analyse recent and high-quality bibliography about the pharmacologic treatment of BD, by the means of a systematic research in PubMed, collecting articles published between 2012 and 2017, and selecting those with the highest quality according to the standards of the PRISMA guideline. Psychotropic medication used in BD, which is mainly lithium, some antiepileptic drugs, antipsychotics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines, has been associated with adverse outcomes such us congenital malformations, cardiac anomalies, neurodevelopmental problems, neonatal adaptation syndrome, spontaneous abortion and preterm delivery, among others. Recommendations provided by Clinical Practices Guidelines (CPG) must be interpreted with caution, given that they are based on variable levels of evidence, and most part of the available data needs to be further investigated in future studies. In conclusion, regarding the management of BD during pregnancy and breastfeeding, we must choose the drug with the best security profile, using the minimum effective dose, in monotherapy if possible, and it is mandatory to monitor closely the evolution of the woman and her child. CPG provide an adequate and necessary support, but treatment must be individualized.

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Spain
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Keywords

Nursery, Bipolar Disorder, Embarazo, Medicina, Antiepileptic drugs, Breastfeeding, Teratogenicidad, Lithium, Psychotropic, Teratogenicity, Pregnancy, Antipsychotics, Antidepresivos, Fisioterapia, Trastorno Bipolar, Deportes, Lactancia, Psicotrópico, Antidepressants, Antiepilépticos, Medicine, Enfermería, Litio, Antipsicóticos, Physical therapy, Sports

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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