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Updating weighting matrices by cross-entropy

Actualización de matrices de pesos espaciales por Entropía Cruzada
Authors: Fernández Vázquez, Esteban;

Updating weighting matrices by cross-entropy

Abstract

El enfoque clásico para estimar modelos espaciales parte de la elección de una matriz de pesos espaciales que refleje la interacción entre las diferentes zonas. Se asume que la regla para definir esta matriz es que sea lo más parecida a la «verdadera» red de relaciones espaciales, pero para el investigador es difícil dilucidar cuándo la elección de esta matriz es correcta. Este paso clave en el proceso de estimación de modelos espaciales es una elección arbitraria, como Anselin (2002) señaló, y puede ser visto como uno de sus principales problemas metodológicos. En esta nota se propone no imponer los elementos de la matriz, sino su estimación basándose en la técnica de Entropía Cruzada (CE). Como las matrices de pesos espaciales son frecuentemente normalizadas por filas, cada una de ellas se puede entender como una distribución de probabilidad. La econometría basada en medidas de entropía es una herramienta útil para la obtención de distribuciones de probabilidad desconocidas, y su aplicación permite la estimación de los elementos de la matriz de pesos espaciales. Así, la matriz ya no depende de una elección impuesta por el investigador, sino de una estimación empírica. Este artículo compara los estimadores clásicos con los basados en medidas de entropía por medio de simulaciones de Monte Carlo en varios escenarios. Los resultados muestran que estas estimaciones superan a las obtenidas por estimadores tradicionales, especialmente cuando la especificación de la matriz no es similar a la real. Este resultado destaca la utilidad de las técnicas CE a la hora de reducir el grado de arbitrariedad impuesta en la estimación de modelos espaciales.

The classical approach to estimate spatial models lays on the choice of a spatial weights matrix that reflects the interactions among locations. The rule used to define this matrix is supposed to be the most similar to the «true» spatial relationships, but for the researcher is difficult to elucidate when the choice of this matrix is right and when is wrong. This key step in the process of estimating spatial models is a somewhat arbitrary choice, as Anselin (2002) pointed out, and it can be seen as one of their main methodological problems. This note proposes not imposing the elements of the spatial matrix but estimating them by cross entropy (CE) econometrics. Since the spatial weight matrices are often row-standardized, each one of their rows can be approached as probability distributions. Entropy Econometrics (EE) techniques are a useful tool for recovering unknown probability distributions and its application allows the estimation of the elements of the spatial weights matrix instead of the imposition by researcher. Hence, the spatial lag matrix is not a matter of choice for researcher but of empirical estimation by CE. We compare classical with CE estimators by means of Monte Carlo simulations in several scenarios on the true spatial effect. The results show that Cross Entropy estimates outperform the classical estimates, especially when the specification of the weights matrix is not similar to the true one. This result points to CE as a helpful technique to reduce the degree of arbitrariness imposed in the estimation of spatial models.

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Spain
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Keywords

Simulaciones de Monte Carlo, Geografía, Geography, Economics, Social Sciences, Especificación de modelos espaciales, Monte Carlo simulations, Economía, H, cross entropy econometrics, Sociology, Econometría basada en entropía cruzada, Cross entropy econometrics, spatial models specifications, Econometría espacial, Spatial econometrics, Sociología, Spatial econometrics; cross entropy econometrics; spatial models specifications; Monte Carlo simulations, Spatial models specifications, jel: jel:C21, jel: jel:C15

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This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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