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handle: 10017/26017
Las plagas agrícolas son un problema ambiental y económico relevante. El control biológico mediante enemigos naturales de las plagas es una alternativa al empleo de pesticidas químicos. El objetivo principal de este Trabajo es evaluar el potencial de las aves insectívoras como reguladores de plagas en cultivos leñosos de España central. Para ello se instalaron nidos artificiales en fincas agrícolas de frutales, viñedo y olivar y se siguió la ocupación de los mismos y se realizaron experimentos de depredación con orugas centinela durante tres años consecutivos. Además se estimaron tasas de consumo de las aves insectívoras en las diferentes fincas. La ocupación de los nidos artificiales se incrementó con el tiempo transcurrido desde su instalación y promedió un 58% al tercer año, observándose una influencia de las características del hábitat sobre la misma y sobre el reclutamiento. El efecto sobre el reclutamiento de la distancia a la vegetación natural o seminatural más próxima y del clima fue distinto en fincas diferentes, y la intensidad de la competencia sólo se manifestó en una de las tres fincas estudiadas. Las tasas de depredación de orugas centinela fueron mayores sólo cerca (un 80% superior hasta 5 m) de los nidos artificiales ocupados por aves que en los correspondientes controles. Las tasas de consumo estimadas variaron entre 71 kg/año en una finca de frutales de 80 ha y 1.002 kg/año en un viñedo de 203 ha. Concluimos que la instalación de nidos artificiales ad-hoc en cultivos leñosos mediterráneos incrementa el servicio de control biológico de plagas suministrado por la avifauna.
Agricultural pests are a significant environmental and economic problem. Biological control using natural enemies of pests is an alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. The main aim of this Study is to evaluate the potential of insectivorous birds as pest controllers in woody crops in central Spain. For this, nest boxes were installed in fruit farms, vineyards and olive groves and occupation was traced and predation experiments with sentinel caterpillars were conducted for three consecutive years. In addition, consumption rates of insectivorous birds were estimated at different farms. The occupation of the nest boxes increased with the time since its installation and averaged 58% in the third year, showing an influence of habitat characteristics on it and on breeding. The effect on the breeding of the distance to the nearest natural or seminatural vegetation and of the climate was different in different farms, and the intensity of competition was only expressed in one of the three studied farms. Predation rates of sentinel caterpillars were higher only near of (80% higher up to 5 m) nest boxes occupied by birds than in the corresponding controls. Estimated consumption rates ranged from 71 kg/year in an 80 ha fruit farm and 1.002 kg/year in a 203 ha vineyard. We conclude that the ad-hoc installation of nest boxes in Mediterranean woody crops increases the biological pest control service by birds.
Máster Universitario en Restauración de Ecosistemas (M139)
98 p.
Control biológico, Natural enemies, Invertebrados, Insectivorous birds, Invertebrates, Environmental science, Medio Ambiente, Biological control, Spanish agriculture, Agricultura española, Enemigos naturales, Aves insectívoras, Nido artificial, Nest box
Control biológico, Natural enemies, Invertebrados, Insectivorous birds, Invertebrates, Environmental science, Medio Ambiente, Biological control, Spanish agriculture, Agricultura española, Enemigos naturales, Aves insectívoras, Nido artificial, Nest box
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