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Cláusulas laborales en tratados comerciales internacionales: el caso del CETA

Authors: Pérez del Prado, Daniel;

Cláusulas laborales en tratados comerciales internacionales: el caso del CETA

Abstract

Algunos acontecimientos recientes parecen mostrar una cierta oposición de la ciudadanía de los países occidentales hacia el libre comercio. De una parte, resultó bastante controvertida la numantina oposición de la pequeña región belga de Valonia a la firma del Tratado de libre comercio entre la UE y Canadá (conocido como CETA), que a punto estuvo de hacerlo descarrilar. Por otra parte, la elección de Donald Trump como presidente de los Estados Unidos parece haber dado al traste con las escasas esperanzas de alcanzar un acuerdo similar con éste país, máxime si se tiene en cuenta que uno de los argumentos centrales de su campaña electoral fue su posición a este tipo de tratados por los, a su juicio, nefastos efectos sobre los trabajadores norteamericanos. A pesar de que existe un cierto consenso entre los economistas en relación a los efectos beneficiosos del libre comercio, esto no significa que estos beneficios alcancen de forma automática al conjunto de la sociedad y, en particular, a los trabajadores; ni que existan ganadores y perdedores en todo proceso de cooperación económica. Por ello, junto la anunciada asunción de que el comercio produce beneficio neto, debería completarse con otra en virtud de la cual se garantice que tales beneficios alcancen al conjunto de la sociedad o, si se prefiere, se compensen las externalidades negativas en el plano social y laboral mediante la adopción de instrumentos adecuados y eficaces. Entre éstos destacan la incorporación de cláusulas laborales a los tratados de libre comercio, en cuya virtud se garantizan unos estándares mínimos (frecuentemente los marcados por los convenios de la OIT) entre las partes firmantes. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar este tipo de cláusulas, para lo cual se dividirá en los siguientes apartados. Tras una breve introducción, se analizará la creciente tendencia hacia la incorporación de cláusulas laborales en los tratados de comercio internacional para, a continuación, analizar el caso práctico y controvertido del CETA. Finalmente, sobre la base de lo anterior, se formularán algunas conclusiones.

Some recent events apparently show certain opposition to free trade by western citizenship. On the one hand, it became famous the case of the Balloon parliament, which strongly refused to give its permission to the Belgian federal government to ratified the so-called Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and EU without including some changes. On the other hand, the future of the Free Trade Treaty (TIPP) between US and EU is still more uncertain after the election of Donald Trump as US President. His clear opposition to this kind of agreements obtained the enthusiastic support, among others, of most blue-collard workers in states especially affected by the effects of globalization. Despite there is a consensus among economist about the beneficial effects of free trade, this neither means this benefits extend to the whole society automatically, nor winners and losers derive from this kind of economic cooperation tool. Consequently, along with this assumption, another unattainable must be made: it is necessary to compensate the externalities generated by trade agreements on social and working conditions by the adoption of some parallel instruments. The paper focused on one of these tools, the labour provisions included in trade agreements, which aims to guarantee certain minimum labour conditions (frequently set by ILO’s conventions). In order to address this issue, the article is divided as follows. After a brief introduction, it will analyse the increasing trend on the inclusion of labour provision in trade agreements. After that, the practical and controversial case of CETA will be studied. Finally, some conclusions will be given.

Keywords

Derecho, Ilo, Ceta, Ciencias jurídicas, Free trade, UNESCO::CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS, Clausulas laborales, Oit, Tratados comerciales, Libre comercio, Trade, Labour provisions, Ciencias jurídicas. Generalidades

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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