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Templated microtubule nucleation and regulation

Authors: Hall, Conrad;

Templated microtubule nucleation and regulation

Abstract

Les microtubules sont formés par un réseau dynamique de polymères présents dans les cellules eucaryotes et formant leur squelette. Ce cytosquelette joue de nombreux rôles notamment dans la migration et la division cellulaire. Pendant la division cellulaire, les microtubules forment un fuseau mitotique qui doit se coordonner correctement avec d'autres composants cellulaires comme l'ADN et l'actine. La formation de nouveaux microtubules et la régulation appropriée des microtubules déjà en extension sont importantes pour un assemblage correct du fuseau mitotique. Les microtubules ont été découverts dans les années 1950, cependant de nombreuses questions sur les microtubules et leur coordination au sein du cytosquelette eucaryote restent sans réponse.Pour répondre à ces questions, j'ai utilisé un système de reconstitution in vitro avec un minimum de composants pour étudier les caractéristiques/paramètres des microtubules et de certaines protéines régulatrices. J'ai développé un nouveau logiciel automatisé de suivi et d'analyse des microtubules pour étudier le processus de nucléation. A l'aide de ce logiciel, j'ai pu estimer que la formation de nouveaux microtubules nécessite l'assemblage de 56 dimères de tubuline sur une amorce de nucléation. J'ai également étudié le complexe de nucléation des microtubules canonique, γ-TuRC. J'ai découvert que γ-TuRC lorsqu'il est reconstitué in vitro lie de manière stable les extrémités moins des microtubules et les protége de l'action de dépolymérases des microtubules. Je présente également des preuves que certains événements de phosphorylation de γ-TuRC, qui contrôlent l'architecture du fuseau mitotique, se produisent probablement pendant la phase S du cycle cellulaire.La régulation de la dynamique des microtubules dépend des protéines associées aux microtubules (MAPs). J'ai développé une méthode pour évaluer si certaines MAPs préfèrent réguler la phase de nucléation ou d'extension des microtubules. Cette approche donne un aperçu des premières structures présentes lors de la formation de microtubules. J'ai également participé à la vérification d'un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de MCAK, par GTSE1, confirmant la régulation complexe de cette protéine lors de l'attachement des microtubules aux kinétochores.Ma thèse a permis de développer des méthodes d'étude de la nucléation et de la régulation des microtubules. Elle établit que la nucléation des microtubules est son propre régime dans le cycle de vie des microtubules tandis que la machinerie cellulaire aide à guider les microtubules nouvellement formés pour l'organisation correcte du cytosquelette microtubulaire.

The microtubule cytoskeleton is the mechanical support system of eukaryotic cells. It gives them shape, organizes the cytoplasm as well as helps cells migrate and divide. During cell division the microtubules form the mitotic spindle which must correctly interface with other cellular components like DNA and actin. The formation of new microtubules and proper regulation of already growing microtubules is important for proper assembly of the mitotic spindle. Microtubules were first discovered in the 1950s but to this day basic questions about microtubules and how they are coordinated as a part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton remains unanswered.This thesis takes advantage of a bottom-up approach to answering these questions by investigating different aspects of microtubules and the proteins that regulate them using minimal reconstitution assays. I developed new automated microtubule tracking and analysis software to investigate the microtubule nucleation process. Using this software, I derived an estimate that the formation of new microtubules requires at most 56 tubulin dimers to come together upon a nucleation template. I also investigated the canonical microtubule nucleation complex, the γ-TuRC. I showed that a minimally reconstituted γ-TuRC is competent to stably bind microtubule minus ends and protect them from the action of microtubule depolymerases. I also present evidence that key phosphorylation events of the γ-TuRC that control mitotic spindle architecture likely occur during S-phase. Regulation of microtubule dynamics is dependent on microtubule associated proteins (MAPs). I developed a framework to evaluate whether certain MAPs prefer to regulate the nucleation or growth phase of microtubules which provides insight into the earliest structures of microtubule formation. I also helped to verify a new regulatory mechanism for MCAK, by GTSE1, adding to the complex regulation of this protein during microtubule attachment to kinetochores. Collectively this thesis developed methods to investigate microtubule nucleation and regulation. It establishes that microtubule nucleation is its own regime in the microtubule lifecycle and that the surrounding machinery of the cell helps to guide these new microtubules for proper formation of the microtubule cytoskeleton.

Brouhard, Gary (Supervisor)

Country
Canada
Related Organizations
Keywords

Biology

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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