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Hydrothermal alteration and sealing at Turrialba as a mechanism for phreatic eruption triggering

Authors: Mick, Emily;

Hydrothermal alteration and sealing at Turrialba as a mechanism for phreatic eruption triggering

Abstract

Turrialba is a basaltic to andesitic Holocene stratovolcano that after decades of quiescence re-activated in 1996 and has been highly active ever since. Turrialba is characterized by a highly active magmatic-hydrothermal system, and we propose that hydrothermal sealing and volatile accumulation are the mechanisms responsible for the reactivation and persistent phreatic activity at Turrialba since 2010. Evidence of sealing is found in pyroclastic breccias from phreatic eruptions as high concentrations of hydrothermal minerals coupled with low intrinsic permeability. The suite of volcanic breccias studied herein erupted from the main vent between 2014 and 2019 and has an alteration mineral assemblage of SiO2 polymorphs ± gypsum ± natroalunite ± pyrite. The mineral assemblage is indicative of acid sulphate alteration within the advanced-argillic alteration facies characterized by temperatures of approximately 200-350°C as indicated by the presence of gypsum and natroalunite, the high temperature endmember of the alunite series. Acid sulphate alteration is the result of extreme base leaching by acidic fluids (pH<4) with a high sulphate content. Measurements of permeability and porosity yielded variable porosity and very low to non-existent permeability in all hydrothermal breccia samples. Back-scatter electron (BSE) images reveal nano-, micro- and macro-scale fracture networks discontinuously filled with hydrothermal gypsum and pyrite which are responsible for diminished permeability, supporting the conclusion that hydrothermal sealing is active at Turrialba. Diminished permeability associated with the formation of a seal inhibits the escape of gases, causing them to accumulate below the seal and pressurize the system. Eventual seal failure due to overpressure results in the frequent phreatic eruptions seen at Turrialba

Turrialba est un stratovolcan de composition basaltique à andésitique de l'Holocène qui, après des décennies de quiescence, s'est réactivé en 1996 et est resté très actif depuis. Turrialba se caractérise par un système magmatique-hydrothermal très actif, et nous proposons que le scellage hydrothermal et l'accumulation de gaz soient les mécanismes responsables pour la réactivation et l'activité phréatique persistante à Turrialba depuis 2010. Une abondance de minéraux hydrothermaux, ainsi qu’une basse perméabilité dans les brèches pyroclastique est considérée comme les évidences possibles que le scellage s’est produit. Un assemblage de minéraux d’altération comprenant SiO2 ± gypse ± natroalunite ± pyrite a été identifié indique une altération d’acide de sulfate dans le faciès d'altération argileuse avancée caractérisé par des températures d'environ 200-350°C. L'altération d’acide de sulfate est le résultat d'une lixiviation extrême par des fluides acides (pH<4) avec un contenu en sulfate élevée. Les mesures de perméabilité et de porosité ont donné une porosité variable et une perméabilité très faible à inexistante dans toutes les brèches hydrothermales. Les images d'électrons rétrodiffusés montrent des réseaux de fractures comprennent des fractures de tailles nano, micro et macro remplis de manière variable de gypse et de pyrite qui sont responsables pour la diminution de la perméabilité, soutenant la conclusion que le scellage hydrothermal est actif à Turrialba. La combinaison de minéraux hydrothermaux abondant et de basse perméabilité supporte la théorie que le scellage hydrothermal est responsable pour l’activité phréatique fréquent a Turrialba. Une éventuelle rupture du scellé due à une surpression entraîne les fréquentes éruptions phréatiques observées à Turrialba

Stix, John (Supervisor)

Country
Canada
Related Organizations
Keywords

Earth and Planetary Sciences

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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