Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
addClaim

Novel inhibitors of the human Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase

Authors: De Schutter, Joris;

Novel inhibitors of the human Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase

Abstract

La synthase farnésyl-pyrophosphate (FPPS) est à l'origine du premier point de dérivation de la voie du mévalonate, une route biosynthétique important qui fournit des molécules de lipides essentiels, tel que les stéroïdes et isoprénoïdes, dans les cellules de mammifères. L'enzyme catalyse la condensation séquentielle du diméthylallyl-pyrophosphate (DMAPP) avec l'isopentényl-pyrophosphate (IPP) afin de produire le farnésyl-pyrophosphate (FPP). Ce métabolite est nécessaire dans la modification post-translationelle de ~2% de tous les protéomes mammifères et cette modification est indispensable pour une localisation subcellulaire saine et la fonction de plusieurs protéines tel que les petites GTPases, protéines essentielles à la signalisation et prolifération cellulaire. Présentement, la seule classe de médicaments approuvée qui vise la FPPS humaine comprend les bisphosphonates contenants un groupe azote (N-BP). Les N-BPs se lient à la sous-poche allylique du site actif via des interactions médiées par des métaux entre leur groupe fonctionnel bisphosphonate et un motif hautement conservé riche en aspartate retrouvé à la surface de la protéine. En raison de leur nature chargée et haute affinité pour l'hydroxyapatite, les applications thérapeutiques des N-BPs sont majoritairement restreintes aux traitements de l'ostéoporose et de la métastase osseuse. Par contre, des évidences clinique récente démontrent que les N-BPs augmentent la survie de patients atteints de myélome multiple (MM) par des mécanismes non-reliés à leur bénéfice squelettique.Une approche basée sur la structure a été poursuite afin de développer des nouveaux inhibiteurs de la hFPPS avec des propriétés biopharmaceutiques améliorées comparativement aux médicaments sur le marché. Des études biophysiques, incluant RMN, titration calorimétrique (ITC) et par cristallographie à rayons X, ont été utilisées afin de sonder la plasticité de la protéine et démontrer que notre inhibiteur original occupe une plus grande proportion du site actif relativement aux médicaments sur le marché. Une analyse de fluorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSF) a également été développée pour illustrer une corrélation positive entre les propriétés de stabilisation thermale et l'effet d'inhibition in vitro de nos inhibiteurs. Qui plus est, cette technique nous a permis d'identifier les inhibiteurs qui se lient à la poche allostérique de la protéine. En résumé, la synthèse, les relations structure-activité (SAR) et les changements conformationnels de l'enzyme hFPPS causés par les inhibiteurs, ainsi que les applications potentiels reliées à découverte de nouvelle drogue, seront discutés.

Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) occupies the first branching point of the mevalonate pathway, an important biosynthetic route that provides essential lipid molecules, such as steroids and isoprenoids, in mammalian cells. The enzyme catalyzes the sequential condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to produce farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). This metabolite is required for the post-translational modification of ~2% of the total mammalian proteome and this modification is critical for proper subcellular localization and function of many proteins including the small GTPases, which are essential for cell signalling and proliferation. Currently, nitrogen containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are the only class of approved drugs that target the human FPPS. N-BPs bind to the allylic sub-pocket of the active site via metal-mediated interactions between their bisphosphonate moiety and a highly conserved, aspartate rich motif on the protein surface. Due to their inherent charged nature and strong affinity for hydroxyapatite, the therapeutic applications of N-BPs are mainly restricted to the treatment of osteoporosis and bone metastasis. However, recent clinical evidence shows that N-BPs improve the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients via mechanisms unrelated to their skeletal benefit. A structure-based approach was pursued in designing new hFPPS inhibitors with improved biopharmaceutical properties compared to the commercial drugs. Biophysical studies, including NMR, ITC and X-ray crystallography, were employed to probe the protein plasticity and show that our novel inhibitors occupy a larger portion of the active site as compared to the current drugs. A differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) assay was also developed in order to demonstrate a positive correlation between the thermal stabilization properties and the in vitro inhibition potency of our inhibitors. Furthermore, this technique allowed us to identify inhibitors that bind to an allosteric pocket of the enzyme. In summary, the synthesis, SAR and inhibitor-induced conformational changes of the hFPPS enzyme, and the potential implications to drug discovery, will be discussed.

Tsantrizos, Youla S. (Supervisor)

Country
Canada
Related Organizations
Keywords

Chemistry - Organic, FOS: Chemical sciences, Organic Chemistry

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Related to Research communities
Cancer Research
Upload OA version
Are you the author of this publication? Upload your Open Access version to Zenodo!
It’s fast and easy, just two clicks!