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The ecological and evolutionary assembly of trophic metacommunities

Authors: Pillay, Pradeep;

The ecological and evolutionary assembly of trophic metacommunities

Abstract

Malgré l'importance des processus spatiaux dans les communautés écologiques naturelles, peu de théories examinent le rôle de l'espace dans l'assemblage et la stabilisation des réseaux trophiques complexes. Dans cette thèse, je développe un modèle de réseau trophique spatial (métacommunauté) fondé sur un model dynamique de métapopulation du type Levins, où les interactions trophiques entres les espèces ont lieu au sein d'une série de populations locales. Ce modèle de métacommunauté me permet d'examiner les réseaux trophiques simples et complexes dans un contexte écologique et évolutif.Dans le premier chapitre, je résume et critique les modèles actuels de métacommunauté du type Levins incorporant les interactions trophiques dans un contexte spatial. Après avoir identifié les erreurs de ces modèles, je développe un modèle corrigé afin d'examiner des réseaux trophiques simples. Je montre que la stabilité des interactions trophiques simples (telles que les boucles omnivores) dépend de l'interaction entre la structure spatiale et la topologie du réseau trophique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, j'utilise ce modèle afin de déterminer l'évolution du taux de dispersion du prédateur et de sa proie lorsque la prédation favorise l'extinction des populations locales. Je montre que face à une augmentation du taux d'extinction, le taux de dispersion évolutivement stable du prédateur augmente de façon monotone alors que celui de la proie varie de façon non-monotone et diminue pour certains niveaux d'extinction. Je démontre que cette réponse contre-intuitive de la proie est due à la structure spatiale des interactions trophiques entre les espèces.Dans le troisième chapitre, j'utilise le modèle afin d'étudier l'assemblage de réseaux trophiques complexes dans l'espace. Je montre que l'addition de branches dans le réseau trophique (ramification) permet l'accumulation d'espèces dans des chaînes alimentaires distinctes et la création de réseaux trophiques complexes. Je démontre que cette ramification du réseau trophique est due à la distribution spatiale des interactions trophiques ainsi que le support structurel apporté par les boucles omnivores et généralistes.Dans le quatrième chapitre, j'essaye de déterminer si la relation entre la biodiversité et la ramification des réseaux trophiques observée dans le modèle est applicable aux réseaux trophiques naturels. Je montre qu'il existe une forte relation linéaire entre la taille des réseaux trophiques naturels et le nombre de branches qui caractérise leur arbre couvrant minimum. Cette vérification empirique du modèle indique que la théorie développée dans cette thèse pourrait permettre de mieux comprendre les rôles que jouent l'espace et de la dispersion dans l'assemblage et la structure des réseaux trophiques naturels à grandes échelles.

Despite the important role spatial processes play in natural communities, far too little theoretical work has been devoted to exploring how complex food web communities may be assembled in space, and how the spatial structure of trophic interactions may provide a stabilizing mechanism for complex food web networks. In this thesis I develop a food web metacommunity model based on a classic Levins-type patch-dynamic model which views trophic interactions between species as occurring in a spatially subdivided habitat. I then use this model to explore both simple and complex trophic networks in an ecological and evolutionary context. I first review and evaluate previous attempts at defining a patch-dynamic metacommunity model of trophic interactions. After correcting the flaws in previously published models I develop a corrected model and apply it to simple trophic configurations. I show how the stability of simple trophic interactions, like omnivory loops, depends upon the interacting effects of space and network configuration. I then use the model to study the evolution of dispersal in a simple predator-prey system. Specifically, I investigate how both predator and prey dispersal rates will evolve in response to increasing patch extinction rates caused by locally strong top-down predator effects. I show how the predator's evolutionarily stable (ESS) dispersal rate will increase, as expected, in response to increasing local extinction, while the prey's ESS dispersal rate exhibits a counterintuitive nonmonotonic response – actually decreasing for some ranges of extinction. I explain how the prey's counterintuitive response arises because of the way trophic interactions between species play out at different spatial scales. After applying the model to simple networks I then explore the assembly of complex food webs. I show that, under very simple assumptions, diverse and complex food web networks can be assembled through the creation of network branches which provide opportunities for the build-up species and multiple food chain paths in the food web. I also show how these network branches can emerge simply as the result of the spatial distribution of trophic interactions, and the structural support provided by omnivory and generalist feeding links. I then attempt to determine if natural food webs show a relationship between biodiversity and network branching. To this end I examine a set of empirical food webs and observe a striking linear scaling relationship between food web size and the degree of branching in the minimum spanning tree of a food web. This empirical corroboration of the theory suggests that the theory reported here may be of value as a guide to how space and dispersal interact to structure natural food webs at large scales.

Gonzalez, Andrew (Supervisor1)

Loreau, Michel (Supervisor2)

Country
Canada
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ecology, FOS: Biological sciences, Biology - Ecology

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Related to Research communities
Italian National Biodiversity Future Center
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