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Discussiones Mathematicae Graph Theory
Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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Discussiones Mathematicae Graph Theory
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zbMATH Open
Article . 2023
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DBLP
Article . 2023
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Zero and total forcing dense graphs

Authors: Randy Davila; Michael A. Henning; Ryan Pepper;

Zero and total forcing dense graphs

Abstract

Summary: If \(S\) is a set of colored vertices in a simple graph \(G\), then one may allow a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor to force its non-colored neighbor to become colored. If by iteratively applying this color change rule, all of the vertices in \(G\) become colored, then \(S\) is a zero forcing set of \(G\). The minimum cardinality of a zero forcing set in \(G\), written \(Z(G)\), is the zero forcing number of \(G\). If in addition, \(S\) induces a subgraph of \(G\) without isolated vertices, then \(S\) is a total forcing set of \(G\). The total forcing number of \(G\), written \(F_t(G)\), is the minimum cardinality of a total forcing set in \(G\). In this paper we introduce, and study, the notion of graphs for which all vertices are contained in some minimum zero forcing set, or some minimum total forcing set; we call such graphs ZF-dense and TF-dense, respectively. A graph is ZTF-dense if it is both ZF-dense and TF-dense. We determine various classes of ZTF-dense graphs, including among others, cycles, complete multipartite graphs of order at least three that are not stars, wheels, \(n\)-dimensional hypercubes, and diamond-necklaces. We show that no tree of order at least three is ZTF-dense. We show that if \(G\) and \(H\) are connected graphs of order at least two that are both ZF-dense, then the join \(G + H\) of \(G\) and \(H\) is ZF-dense.

Related Organizations
Keywords

Vertex subsets with special properties (dominating sets, independent sets, cliques, etc.), Coloring of graphs and hypergraphs, QA1-939, Density (toughness, etc.), zero forcing sets, zero forcing number, ZF-dense graph, Mathematics

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    popularity
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    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
3
Top 10%
Average
Average
Published in a Diamond OA journal