Professional burnout is one of the main manifestations of psychological distress related to work in contemporary society, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced professional accomplishment. It is a complex phenomenon directly associated with transformations in work organization, increased demands, and precarious labor relations. This article aims to analyze professional burnout, considering its determinants, impacts on mental health, and challenges related to prevention and intervention. This is a qualitative literature review based on relevant national and international scientific publications. The findings indicate that burnout is associated with organizational, individual, and social factors, including work overload, lack of recognition, performance pressure, and difficulties in emotional regulation. It is also observed that its impacts extend beyond the individual, affecting professional performance, interpersonal relationships, and institutions. Challenges related to early recognition and the implementation of effective prevention strategies are highlighted. It is concluded that addressing burnout requires an integrated approach involving clinical interventions, organizational changes, and policies aimed at promoting mental health in the workplace.