This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the genesis and transformation of the Russian spiritual education system throughout the Synodal period. Through a systematic examination of regulatory acts, published sources, and archival materials, a holistic picture of its formation and development has been reconstructed. Originating alongside the first educational organizations, theological schools initially served the key function of training personnel for the Russian Orthodox Church. A fundamental stage in their institutionalization is associated with the reign of Peter I, who legislated the foundations of state policy in this sphere. The adopted «Spiritual Regulation» (1721) established the procedure for creating and maintaining theological schools at bishop’s residences and monasteries. These institutions, being oriented towards the children of the clergy, were closed in character. The foundations laid by Peter I saw consistent development in the subsequent period: there was a quantitative growth in theological educational institutions, and their graduates received priority in filling vacancies within the Holy Synod. A major milestone was the reform of 1808, which legally formalized a multi-tiered structure of spiritual education. Throughout the 19th century, the statutes of theological educational institutions were revised repeatedly. The objectives of these adjustments were: expanding the social composition of the student body, diversifying the career paths of graduates, and strengthening administrative control — a reaction to the spread of revolutionary sentiments among the student population. The final significant innovation was the Statute of the Orthodox Theological Academies of 1910, aimed at raising the educational level of students by expanding the curriculum. However, a systemic reform was never implemented.