This study investigates the economic and environmental implications of converting Cambodia’s natural forests into alternative land uses. Using a Total Economic Value (TEV) framework and a value flow model, the research assesses direct and indirect benefits of evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests, including non-timber forest products (NTFPs), sustainable timber harvesting, carbon sequestration, and watershed protection. Household surveys across four provinces reveal that forest resources contribute significantly to rural livelihoods, especially among poorer households. The study evaluates 27 forest conversion scenarios involving nine alternative land uses—such as eucalyptus, acacia, rubber, rice, and cassava—through cost-benefit analysis. Findings show that while rubber plantations may offer viable financial returns, most conversions result in net economic losses when environmental services and opportunity costs are considered. The paper highlights the lack of incentives for sustainable forest management under current policies and stresses the need for inclusive, transparent land use planning. It recommends piloting small-scale, locally managed forestry and agricultural models to balance development with conservation and poverty reduction goals.