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Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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WCAG 2.1 Audit of Bangladeshi E-Government Accessibility: A Maturity Model for Digital Inclusion

Authors: Wahid bin Ahsan; Samia Bari; Tanim Ahamed; Md. Shahadat Hossain; Md. Shamsul Arifin; Md. Osman Gani; M. H. Taohid;

WCAG 2.1 Audit of Bangladeshi E-Government Accessibility: A Maturity Model for Digital Inclusion

Abstract

This study audits 47 Bangladeshi government e-services across 74 websites, evaluating 1,534 user-critical pages for WCAG 2.1 compliance using automated and manual methods. A total of 14,308 violations were identified, primarily affecting screen reader, keyboard-only, and low-vision users. Common issues included missing form labels (23.6%), contrast failures (15.0%), and structural errors. Violations were most concentrated in education, social protection, and civil registration services. The proposed Accessibility Maturity Model classifies 51.1% of services as Beginner-tier, accounting for nearly 98% of issues. Findings highlight critical accessibility gaps and call for targeted remediation, training, and enforcement aligned with Bangladesh’s 2022 accessibility guideline.

Keywords

ChatGPT, Academic Writing, higher education, AI Literacy, bangladesh, Human-computer Interaction, Global South, educational technology, AI Ethics, Digital Divide, Featured, Gemini

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold