Antitubercular agents are medications used to treat tuberculosis (TB), a serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These agents are categorized into first-line and second-line drugs based on their efficacy, toxicity, and role in TB treatment regimens. First-line antitubercular drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, are the cornerstone of TB therapy due to their high potency and relative safety. These drugs are usually administered in combination to prevent the development of drug resistance and to effectively eradicate the bacteria. Treatment typically lasts for at least six months, with an initial intensive phase followed by a continuation phase. Second-line drugs, including fluoroquinolones and injectable agents like amikacin, are used when the first-line drugs are ineffective due to resistance or intolerance. The prolonged duration and complexity of TB treatment can lead to challenges with patient adherence, which is critical for preventing the spread of resistant TB strains. Advances in TB research aim to shorten treatment duration, improve drug efficacy, and reduce side effects. Additionally, public health strategies, including Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), are implemented to ensure compliance and successful treatment outcomes.