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https://doi.org/10.5821/disser...
Doctoral thesis . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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Arquitectura de madera en las misiones jesuíticas de Chiquitos (Bolivia) del siglo XVIII y sus orígenes prehispánicos y europeos

Authors: Rodríguez Trujillo, Wilson Vladimir;

Arquitectura de madera en las misiones jesuíticas de Chiquitos (Bolivia) del siglo XVIII y sus orígenes prehispánicos y europeos

Abstract

Las actuales poblaciones de Concepción, San José, San Javier, San Miguel, Santa Ana y San Rafael, seis de las diez antiguas reducciones de las Misiones Jesuíticas de Chiquitos (Bolivia), fundadas a principios del siglo XVIII, representan el mejor ejemplo de pueblos vivos, por la conservación de su patrimonio tangible, como el conjunto religioso e intangible como sus tradiciones y costumbres adoptadas desde el periodo misional. Por este motivo fueron declaradas el año 1990, Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad por la UNESCO.<br/><br/>Los conjuntos religiosos son producto de la simbiosis creada entre la técnica constructiva nativa y el estilo barroco de procedencia europea. Así entre otras expresiones de riqueza artísticas en estos templos, destaca un sistema constructivo original basado en la estructura portante de pórticos de madera, que trabajan independientemente de los cerramientos y sostienen la cubierta monolítica a dos vertientes.<br/><br/>Esta investigación averigua los orígenes de las estructuras de madera de las iglesias de Chiquitos y define tipologías constructivas y estructurales en América y Europa que pudieron servir de modelo al sistema constructivo jesuítico boliviano. Para conseguir estos objetivos se ha realizado una metodología cuantitativa de análisis de construcciones similares o análogas al sistema de Chiquitos, con la característica en común de ser edificios con planta rectangular dividida en tres o más naves por pilares de madera. Delimitado por un contexto histórico, periodo que va desde el siglo XII al XVIII; y un contexto geográfico, edificios ubicados en Europa occidental, lugar de procedencia de los misioneros jesuitas; y edificios construidos en Sudamérica, en otras misiones jesuitas, en pueblos coloniales o en asentamientos de indígenas.<br/><br/>El estudio se divide en capítulos según el contexto geográfico, donde se analizan diferentes características de los edificios, como las arquitectónicas, el sistema técnico constructivo y el funcionamiento estructural. El trabajo es histórico constructivo basado en fuentes primarias publicadas, en documentos de archivos históricos y en estudios de campo a los edificios seleccionados para la investigación. Por otra parte, se ha realizado una interpretación acerca de las sucesivas intervenciones realizadas a las iglesias de Chiquitos.<br/><br/>Del análisis realizado se concluye que las estructuras de pórticos de madera utilizadas como elemento principal en las iglesias de Chiquitos, fue una técnica constructiva conocida por los indígenas prehispánicos para edificar sus grandes viviendas comunales. Los misioneros utilizaron la técnica por la familiaridad que tenían los nativos con la madera y la fueron perfeccionando, primero en las más antiguas Misiones Guaraníes o del Paraguay y después en las Misiones de Chiquitos. Introdujeron al sistema constructivo nativo, técnicas de ensambles europeas en los entramados pesados, armaduras de cubiertas de tijeras con correas de origen hispano, entalladuras profusas en los fustes de las columnas, uso de tejas de cerámica y el uso de adobe para los muros perimetrales donde quedaban embebidos los pilares de madera. Sin embargo los pilares de madera en las Misiones americanas continuaron clavados en el suelo técnica que había sido superada en las construcciones de madera de Europa desde el siglo XI. <br/><br/>Además de aportar al conocimiento técnico constructivo de estos edificios patrimoniales, esta investigación proporciona un documento de referencia para posteriores trabajos de rehabilitación, restauración o conservación de las estructuras de madera de Chiquitos y de otros edificios similares. A group of churches of the 18th century in the lowlands of Bolivia and Paraguay are characterized by a very special timber skeleton frame structure. Most of these churches belong to the famous former Jesuit missions of Guaraní, Chiquitos and Mojos, in densely wooded regions at the edge of the Spanish colonial empire. The best preserved and most important of these buildings are the six churches of Chiquitos in Eastern Bolivia, declared World Heritage sites by the UNESCO in 1990.<br/><br/>The religious buildings are the product of the symbiosis created between native building techniques and the baroque style of European origin. Thus, among other artistic expressions in these temples, original construction system based on the support structure of wooden frames, which work independently of the walls and support a monolithic gable roof. <br/><br/>This research finds out the origins of the wooden structures of the churches of Chiquitos. Defined buildings and structural types in America and Europe that could serve as a model construction system by Bolivian Jesuit churches. To achieve these objectives the research has been made a quantitative analysis methodology in similar buildings or similar structural system of Chiquitos, with the common characteristic of rectangular interior space subdivided into three or more bays by rows of timber columns. Delimited by a historical context, period from 12 th to 18th century and geographical context, buildings located in Western Europe, place of origin of the Jesuit missionaries and buildings in South America, in other Jesuit missions, in colonial towns or in indigenous settlments.<br/><br/>The study is divided into chapters according to the geographical context, which analyzes different characteristics of buildings such as architectural, construction technical system and structural performance. Constructive historical work is based on primary sources published, in historical and archival records, in field studies to buildings listed. On the other hand, has made an interpretation about the successive rehabilitations and restorations of Chiquitos churches. <br/><br/>The analysis concludes that timber frame structures used as the main element in the churches of Chiquitos, was a construction technique known as pre-Columbian Indians to build their large communal dwellings. The missionaries used the technique by the natives who had familiarity with wood and were refined, first in the oldest Guarani missions and then in Chiquitos missions. Constructive system introduced native European assembly techniques in the heavy frame, Hispanic triangular trusses with collar beam, profuse carvings columns, use of ceramic tiles and the use of adobe to the perimeter walls where were embedded wooden columns. However, the wooden columns of American Missions continued fixed on the technical ground that he had been overtaken in the wooden buildings in Europe since the 11th century. <br/><br/>In addition to providing the construction expertise of these heritage buildings, this research provides a reference document for future work of rehabilitation, restoration or conservation of wooden structures of Chiquitos and other similar buildings.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Construcció en fusta -- Europa -- Història -- S. XII-XVIII, Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Arquitectura, 72, arquitectura barroca hispanoamericana, Armaduras de cubierta, Estructuras de madera, :Arquitectura [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], armaduras de cubierta, estructuras de madera, uniones y ensambles de cubierta tradicionales, Uniones y ensambles de cubierta tradicionales, 530, Esglésies -- Bolívia -- S.XVIII, Jesuïtes -- Missions -- Amèrica del Sud, Arquitectura barroca hispanoamericana, Construcció en fusta -- Bolívia -- Història -- S. XII-XVIII, Arquitectura y urbanismo de las misiones jesuítica

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